An effective information system will refract (i.e., distort the data before submit it to its end…

➤ What is the difference between data transformation and data distortion in an information system?
Data transformation changes format, aggregates, normalizes, or summarizes for clarity and analysis. Data distortion introduces errors, misleading alterations, or biased manipulations that corrupt meaning. Transformations should be documented with lineage and metadata; distortions are unintentional or malicious and reduce trust, validity, and decision quality.