For a pharmaceutical company and their innovation funnel, it may take over a decade for leads, to…

➤ How do the clinical trial phases (I–III) contribute to the long development time?
Phase I tests safety and dosing in small, healthy or patient groups and lasts months. Phase II evaluates efficacy and dosing in larger groups and may take one to two years. Phase III confirms effectiveness and monitors rare side effects in large populations and often requires several years. Enrollment and endpoint measurement cause major delays.