To violate Title VII of the Civil Rights Act under the concept of disparate impact, an employer…

➤ Why is discriminatory intent not required for disparate impact claims?
Disparate impact targets outcomes and structural barriers that exclude groups even when no one acted with conscious bias. Requiring intent would allow neutral but harmful rules to persist. The law therefore permits challenges to tests, screens, or policies that produce unequal effects, enabling courts to address systemic unfairness.