Tag: Model Answer

  • [Solved] 623(5)

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    **files (1)** – ## 6235.docx **## 6235.docx** It is easy to look at counterterrorism policy from our own perspective. But in reality, there are a variety of perspectives from sovereign nations, and those perspectives differ in terms of how nations should address and respond to terrorism. In this wee…

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    Assignment Prompt & Instructions

    **files (1)**

    – ## 6235.docx

    **## 6235.docx**

    It is easy to look at counterterrorism policy from our own perspective. But in reality, there are a variety of perspectives from sovereign nations, and those perspectives differ in terms of how nations should address and respond to terrorism. In this week’s assignment, you will examine terrorism from an international perspective. You will also look at both the European Union and the United Nations counterterrorism strategies. In 2006, the United Nations developed a Counterterrorism Strategy designed to:

    …enhance national, regional and international efforts to counter terrorism. This is the first time that all Member States have agreed to a common strategic approach to fight terrorism, not only sending a clear message that terrorism is unacceptable in all its forms and manifestation, but also resolving to take practical steps individually and collectively to prevent and combat it. (2016)

    The European Union Counterterrorism Strategy states, “Terrorism poses a serious threat to all States and to all peoples. In response to this, the European Union has established a counter-terrorism strategy, based on prevention, protection, pursuit and response (2016).”

    The United States played a central role in formulating this policy following the attacks against the World Trade Center and the Pentagon on September 11, 2001. There are similarities between both the U.N. and the E.U. counter-terrorism strategies, and, in some respects, the E.U. strategy implements key tenants of the U.N. strategy. Utilizing your knowledge and research of counterterrorism strategies, develop a proposal to revise either the U.N. or E.U. counter terrorism strategy to make it more effective, or, if you believe the current strategy is effective, clearly support your position.

    The following elements must be addressed as part of your The International Counterterrorism Strategy Proposal

    · Compare and contrast the U.N. and E.U. counterterrorism strategies.

    · Clearly summarize the major tenants of the two strategies and how they support each other.

    · Explain whether or not there are significant ethical and legal differences between the two organizations’ strategies.

    · Provide your assessment of the effectiveness of legal and ethical tools to enforce compliance with the stated counterterrorism strategies.

    · Based on your knowledge and research of the tactics, techniques, and capabilities of terrorist organizations, draw conclusions on how effective the tools available to the UN or the EU are to counterterrorism and bring pressure to bear to counter international terrorism.

    · Succinctly defend your reasoning behind your strategy proposal

    The International Counterterrorism Strategy Proposal:

    · Must be three to five pages in length (excluding the title and reference pages) and formatted according to APA style as outlined in the

    · Must include a separate title page with the following:

    · Title of paper

    · Student’s name

    · Course name and number

    · Instructor’s name

    · Date submitted

    · Must include an introductory paragraph with a succinct thesis statement. A thesis must be in both the introduction and the conclusion.

    · Must use at least four scholarly or official government sources in addition to the course textbooks to suppor

    **## 6235.docx**

    It is easy to look at counterterrorism policy from our own perspective. But in reality, there are a variety of perspectives from sovereign nations, and those perspectives differ in terms of how nations should address and respond to terrorism. In this week’s assignment, you will examine terrorism from an international perspective. You will also look at both the European Union and the United Nations counterterrorism strategies. In 2006, the United Nations developed a Counterterrorism Strategy designed to:

    …enhance national, regional and international efforts to counter terrorism. This is the first time that all Member States have agreed to a common strategic approach to fight terrorism, not only sending a clear message that terrorism is unacceptable in all its forms and manifestation, but also resolving to take practical steps individually and collectively to prevent and combat it. (2016)

    The European Union Counterterrorism Strategy states, “Terrorism poses a serious threat to all States and to all peoples. In response to this, the European Union has established a counter-terrorism strategy, based on prevention, protection, pursuit and response (2016).”

    The United States played a central role in formulating this policy following the attacks against the World Trade Center and the Pentagon on September 11, 2001. There are similarities between both the U.N. and the E.U. counter-terrorism strategies, and, in some respects, the E.U. strategy implements key tenants of the U.N. strategy. Utilizing your knowledge and research of counterterrorism strategies, develop a proposal to revise either the U.N. or E.U. counter terrorism strategy to make it more effective, or, if you believe the current strategy is effective, clearly support your position.

    The following elements must be addressed as part of your The International Counterterrorism Strategy Proposal

    · Compare and contrast the U.N. and E.U. counterterrorism strategies.

    · Clearly summarize the major tenants of the two strategies and how they support each other.

    · Explain whether or not there are significant ethical and legal differences between the two organizations’ strategies.

    · Provide your assessment of the effectiveness of legal and ethical tools to enforce compliance with the stated counterterrorism strategies.

    · Based on your knowledge and research of the tactics, techniques, and capabilities of terrorist organizations, draw conclusions on how effective the tools available to the UN or the EU are to counterterrorism and bring pressure to bear to counter international terrorism.

    · Succinctly defend your reasoning behind your strategy proposal

    The International Counterterrorism Strategy Proposal:

    · Must be three to five pages in length (excluding the title and reference pages) and formatted according to APA style as outlined in the

    · Must include a separate title page with the following:

    · Title of paper

    · Student’s name

    · Course name and number

    · Instructor’s name

    · Date submitted

    · Must include an introductory paragraph with a succinct thesis statement. A thesis must be in both the introduction and the conclusion.

    · Must use at least four scholarly or official government sources in addition to the course textbooks to suppor

  • [Solved] Focused SOAP Note for Schizophrenia Spectrum, Other Psychotic, and Medication-Induced Movement Disorders

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    **files (2)** – ## NRNP6675FocusedSOAPNoteTemplate.doc – ## FocusedSOAPNoteforSchizophreniaSpectrum.docx **## NRNP6675FocusedSOAPNoteTemplate.doc** **NRNP/PRAC 6665 & 6675 Comprehensive Focused SOAP Psychiatric Evaluation Template** **Week (enter week #): (Enter assignment title)** Student Name Coll…

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    Assignment Prompt & Instructions

    **files (2)**

    – ## NRNP6675FocusedSOAPNoteTemplate.doc

    – ## FocusedSOAPNoteforSchizophreniaSpectrum.docx

    **## NRNP6675FocusedSOAPNoteTemplate.doc**

    **NRNP/PRAC 6665 & 6675 Comprehensive Focused SOAP Psychiatric Evaluation Template**

    **Week (enter week #): (Enter assignment title)**

    Student Name

    College of Nursing-PMHNP, Walden University

    NRNP 6675: PMHNP Care Across the Lifespan II

    Faculty Name

    Assignment Due Date

    **Subjective:**

    **CC** (chief complaint):

    **HPI**:

    **Substance Current Use:**

    **Medical History:**

    ·
    **Current Medications**:

    ·
    **Allergies**:

    ·
    **Reproductive Hx**:

    **ROS**:

    · GENERAL:

    · HEENT:

    · SKIN:

    · CARDIOVASCULAR:

    · RESPIRATORY:

    · GASTROINTESTINAL:

    · GENITOURINARY:

    · NEUROLOGICAL:

    · MUSCULOSKELETAL:

    · HEMATOLOGIC:

    · LYMPHATICS:

    · ENDOCRINOLOGIC:

    **Objective:**

    **Diagnostic results**:

    **Assessment:**

    Mental Status Examination:

    Diagnostic Impression:

    Reflections:

    **Case Formulation and Treatment Plan:**

    **References**

    © 2021 Walden University

    Page 1 of 3

    **## FocusedSOAPNoteforSchizophreniaSpectrum.docx**

    Focused SOAP Note for Schizophrenia Spectrum, Other Psychotic, and Medication-Induced Movement Disorders

    ![](https://www.sweetstudy.com/questions/focused-soap-note-for-schizophrenia-spectrum-other-psychotic-and-medication-induced-movement-disorders-20966257)

    Psychotic disorders change one’s sense of reality and cause abnormal thinking and perception. Patients presenting with psychotic disorders may suffer from delusions or hallucinations or may display negative symptoms such as lack of emotion or withdraw from social situations or relationships. Symptoms of medication-induced movement disorders can be mild or lethal and can include, for example, tremors, dystonic reactions, or serotonin syndrome.

    For this Assignment, you will complete a focused SOAP note for a patient in a case study who has either a schizophrenia spectrum, other psychotic, or medication-induced movement disorder.

    Resources

    Be sure to review the Learning Resources before completing this activity.
    Click the weekly resources link to access the resources.

    [**WEEKLY RESOURCES**](https://waldenu.instructure.com/courses/213292/modules/items/9278805)

    To Prepare

    · Review the Focused SOAP Note template, which you will use to complete this Assignment. There is also a Focused SOAP Note Exemplar provided as a guide for Assignment expectations.

    · Review the video,
    _Case Study: Sherman Tremaine_ . You will use this case as the basis of this Assignment. In this video, a Walden faculty member is assessing a mock patient. The patient will be represented onscreen as an avatar.

    · Consider what history would be necessary to collect from this patient.

    · Consider what interview questions you would need to ask this patient.

    The Assignment

    Develop a focused SOAP note, including your differential diagnosis and critical-thinking process to formulate a primary diagnosis. Incorporate the following into your responses in the template:

    ·
    **Subjective:** What details did the patient provide regarding their chief complaint and symptomology to derive your differential diagnosis? What is the duration and severity of their symptoms? How are their symptoms impacting their functioning in life?

    ·
    **Objective:** What observations did you make during the psychiatric assessment?

    ·
    **Assessment:** Discuss the patient’s mental status examination results. What were your differential diagnoses? Provide a minimum of three possible diagnoses with supporting evidence, and list them in order from highest priority to lowest priority. Compare the
    _DSM-5-TR_  diagnostic criteria for each differential diagnosis and explain what
    _DSM-5-TR_  criteria rules out the differential diagnosis to find an accurate diagnosis. Explain the critical-thinking process that led you to the primary diagnosis you selected. Include pertinent positives and pertinent negatives for the specific patient case.

    ·
    **Plan:** What is your plan for psychotherapy? What is your plan for treatment and management, including alternative therapies? Include pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic treatments, alternative therapies, and follow-up parameters, as well as a rationale for this treatment and management plan. Also incorporate one health promotion activity and one patient education strategy.

    ·
    **Reflection notes:** What would you do differently with this patient if you could conduct the session again? Discuss what your next intervention would be if you were able to follow up with this patient. Also include in your reflection a discussion related to legal/ethical considerations (demonstrate critical thinking beyond confidentiality and consent for treatment!), health promotion, and disease prevention, taking into consideration patient factors (such as age, ethnic group, etc.), PMH, and other risk factors (e.g., socioeconomic, cultural background, etc.).

    · Provide at least three evidence-based, peer-reviewed journal articles or evidenced-based guidelines that relate to this case to support your diagnostics and differential diagnoses. Be sure they are current (no more than 5 years old).

    By Day 7 of Week 5

    **Submit** your Focused SOAP Note.

    submission information

    Before submitting your final assignment, you can check your draft for authenticity. To check your draft, access the
    **Turnitin Drafts** from the
    **Start Here** area.

    1. To submit your completed assignment, save your Assignment as
    **WK5Assgn_LastName_Firstinitial**

    2. Then, click on
    **Start Assignment** near the top of the page.

    3. Next, click on
    **Upload File** and select
    **Submit Assignment** for review.

    Rubric

    **NRNP_6675_Week5_Assignment_Rubric**

    | | | |
    | — | — | — |
    | NRNP_6675_Week5_Assignment_Rubric |
    | **Criteria** | **Ratings** | **Pts** |
    | This criterion is linked to a Learning OutcomeCreate documentation in the Focused SOAP Note Template about your assigned patient.In the Subjective section, provide: • Chief complaint• History of present illness (HPI)• Past psychiatric history• Medication trials and current medications• Psychotherapy or previous psychiatric diagnosis• Pertinent substance use, family psychiatric/substance use, social, and medical history• Allergies• ROS | **15 to >13.0 ptsExcellent 90%–100%** The response throughly and accurately describes the patient's subjective complaint, history of present illness, past psychiatric history, medication trials and current medications, psychotherapy or previous psychiatric diagnosis, pertinent histories, allergies, and review of all systems that would inform a differential diagnosis.<br> <br>**13 to >11.0 ptsGood 80%–89%** The response accurately describes the patient's subjective complaint, history of present illness, past psychiatric history, medication trials and current medications, psychotherapy or previous psychiatric diagnosis, pertinent histories, allergies, and review of all systems that would inform a differential diagnosis.<br> <br>**11 to >10.0 ptsFair 70%–79%** The response describes the patient's subjective complaint, history of present illness, past psychiatric history, medication trials and current medications, psychotherapy or previous psychiatric diagnosis, pertinent histories, allergies, and review of all systems that would inform a differential diagnosis but is somewhat vague or contains minor innacuracies.<br> <br>**10 to >0 ptsPoor 0%–69%** The response provides an incomplete or inaccurate description of the patient's subjective complaint, history of present illness, past psychiatric history, medication trials and current medications, psychotherapy or previous psychiatric diagnosis, pertinent histories, allergies, and review of all systems that would inform a differential diagnosis. Or the subjective documentation is missing. | 15 pts |
    | This criterion is linked to a Learning OutcomeIn the Objective section, provide:• Physical exam documentation of systems pertinent to the chief complaint, HPI, and history• Diagnostic results, including any labs, imaging, or other assessments needed to develop the differential diagnoses | **15 to >13.0 ptsExcellent 90%–100%** The response thoroughly and accurately documents the patient's physical exam for pertinent systems. Diagnostic tests and their results are thoroughly and accurately documented.<br> <br>**13 to >11.0 ptsGood 80%–89%** The response accurately documents the patient's physical exam for pertinent systems. Diagnostic tests and their results are accurately documented.<br> <br>**11 to >10.0 ptsFair 70%–79%** Documentation of the patient's physical exam is somewhat vague or contains minor innacuracies. Diagnostic tests and their results are documented but contain minor innacuracies.<br> <br>**10 to >0 ptsPoor 0%–69%** The response provides incomplete or inaccurate documentation of the patient's physical exam. Systems may have been unnecessarily reviewed. Or the objective documentation is missing. | 15 pts |
    | This criterion is linked to a Learning OutcomeIn the Assessment section, provide:• Results of the mental status examination, presented in paragraph form• At least three differentials with supporting evidence. List them from top priority to least priority. Compare the DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for each differential diagnosis and explain what DSM-5 criteria rules out the differential diagnosis to find an accurate diagnosis. Explain the critical-thinking process that led you to the primary diagnosis you selected. Include pertinent positives and pertinent negatives for the specific patient case. | **20 to >17.0 ptsExcellent 90%–100%** The response thoroughly and accurately documents the results of the mental status exam…. Response lists at least three distinctly different and detailed possible disorders in order of priority for a differential diagnosis of the patient in the assigned case study, and it provides a thorough, accurate, and detailed justification for each of the disorders selected.<br> <br>**17 to >15.0 ptsGood 80%–89%** The response accurately documents the results of the mental status exam…. Response lists at least three distinctly different and detailed possible disorders in order of priority for a differential diagnosis of the patient in the assigned case study, and it provides an accurate justification for each of the disorders selected.<br> <br>**15 to >13.0 ptsFair 70%–79%** The response documents the results of the mental status exam with some vagueness or innacuracy…. Response lists at least three different possible disorders for a differential diagnosis of the patient and provides a justification for each, but may contain some vagueness or innacuracy.<br> <br>**13 to >0 ptsPoor 0%–69%** The response provides an incomplete or inaccurate description of the results of the mental status exam and explanation of the differential diagnoses. Or the assessment documentation is missing. | 20 pts |
    | This criterion is linked to a Learning OutcomeIn the Plan section, provide:• Your plan for psychotherapy• Your plan for treatment and management, including alternative therapies. Include pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic treatments, alternative therapies, and follow-up parameters as well as a rationale for this treatment and management plan. • Incorporate one health promotion activity and one patient education strategy. | **25 to >22.0 ptsExcellent 90%–100%** The response provides an evidence-based, detailed, and appropriate plan for psychotherapy for the patient…. The response provides an evidence-based, detailed, and appropriate plan for treatment and management, including pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic treatments, alternative therapies, and follow-up parameters. A strong rationale for the plan is provided that demonstrates critical thinking and content understanding…. The response includes at least one evidence-based health promotion activity and one evidence-based patient education strategy.<br> <br>**22 to >19.0 ptsGood 80%–89%** The response provides an evidence-based and appropriate plan for psychotherapy for the patient…. The response provides an evidence-based and appropriate plan for treatment and management, including pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic treatments, alternative therapies, and follow-up parameters. An adequate rationale for the plan is provided…. The response includes at least one health promotion activity and one patient education strategy.<br> <br>**19 to >17.0 ptsFair 70%–79%** The response provides a somewhat vague or inaccurate plan for psychotherapy for the patient…. The response provides a somewhat vague or inaccurate plan for treatment and management, including pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic treatments, alternative therapies, and follow-up parameters. The rationale for the plan is weak or general…. The response includes one health promotion activity and one patient education strategy, but it may contain some vagueness or innacuracy.<br> <br>**17 to >0 ptsPoor 0%–69%** The response provides an incomplete or inaccurate plan for psychotherapy for the patient…. The response provides an incomplete or inaccurate plan for treatment and management, including pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic treatments, alternative therapies, and follow-up parameters. The rationale for the plan is inaccurate or missing…. The health promotion and patient education strategies are incomplete or missing. | 25 pts |
    | This criterion is linked to a Learning Outcome• Discussion include what may be done differently with this patient if student conducted the session again. Discussed the next intervention if you could follow up with this patient. The discussion was related to legal/ethical considerations (demonstrated critical thinking beyond confidentiality and consent for treatment!), social determinates of health, health promotion, and disease prevention that take into consideration patient factors (such as age, ethnic group, etc.), PMH, and other risk factors (e.g., socioeconomic, cultural background, etc.). | **5 to >4.0 ptsExcellent 90%–100%** Reflections are thorough, thoughtful, and demonstrate critical thinking. Reflections contain a discussion of all elements described within assignment directions.<br> <br>**4 to >3.5 ptsGood 80%–89%** Reflections demonstrate critical thinking. Reflections contain 2 out of 3 (legal/ethical considerations, social determinate of health, health promotion) with consideration of patient factors and risk factors.<br> <br>**3.5 to >3.0 ptsFair 70%–79%** Reflections are somewhat general or do not demonstrate critical thinking. Reflections contain 2 out of 3 (legal/ethical considerations, social determinate of health, health promotion) without consideration of patient factors and risk factors.<br> <br>**3 to >0 ptsPoor 0%–69%** Reflections are incomplete, inaccurate, or missing. | 5 pts |
    | This criterion is linked to a Learning OutcomeProvide at least three evidence-based, peer-reviewed journal articles or evidenced-based guidelines that relate to this case to support your diagnostics and differential diagnoses. Be sure they are current (no more than 5 years old). | **10 to >8.0 ptsExcellent 90%–100%** The response provides at least three current, evidence-based resources from the literature to support the assessment and diagnosis of the patient in the assigned case study. The resources reflect the latest clinical guidelines and provide strong justification for decision making.<br> <br>**8 to >7.0 ptsGood 80%–89%** The response provides at least three current, evidence-based resources from the literature that appropriately support the assessment and diagnosis of the patient in the assigned case study.<br> <br>**7 to >6.0 ptsFair 70%–79%** Three evidence-based resources are provided to support the assessment and diagnosis of the patient in the assigned case study, but they may only provide vague or weak justification.<br> <br>**6 to >0 ptsPoor 0%–69%** Two or fewer resources are provided to support the assessment and diagnosis decisions. The resources may not be current or evidence based. | 10 pts |
    | This criterion is linked to a Learning OutcomeWritten Expression and Formatting – The paper follows correct APA format for parenthetical/in-text citations and reference list. | **5 to >4.0 ptsExcellent 90%–100%** Uses correct APA format with no errors<br> <br>**4 to >3.5 ptsGood 80%–89%** Contains 1-2 APA format for parenthetical/in-text citations and reference list errors<br> <br>**3.5 to >3.0 ptsFair 70%–79%** Contains 3-4 APA format for parenthetical/in-text citations and reference list errors<br> <br>**3 to >0 ptsPoor 0%–69%** Contains five or more APA format for parenthetical/in-text citations and reference list errors | 5 pts |
    | This criterion is linked to a Learning OutcomeWritten Expression and Formatting – English Writing Standards: Correct grammar, mechanics, and punctuation | **5 to >4.0 ptsExcellent 90%–100%** Uses correct grammar, spelling, and punctuation with no errors<br> <br>**4 to >3.5 ptsGood 80%–89%** Contains 1-2 grammar, spelling, and punctuation format errors<br> <br>**3.5 to >3.0 ptsFair 70%–79%** Contains 3-4 grammar, spelling, and punctuation format errors<br> <br>**3 to >0 ptsPoor 0%–69%** Contains five or more grammar, spelling, and punctuation format errors that interfere with the reader’s understanding | 5 pts |

    Total Points: 100

    ## image1.jpeg

    **## FocusedSOAPNoteforSchizophreniaSpectrum.docx**

    Focused SOAP Note for Schizophrenia Spectrum, Other Psychotic, and Medication-Induced Movement Disorders

    ![](https://www.sweetstudy.com/questions/focused-soap-note-for-schizophrenia-spectrum-other-psychotic-and-medication-induced-movement-disorders-20966257)

    Psychotic disorders change one’s sense of reality and cause abnormal thinking and perception. Patients presenting with psychotic disorders may suffer from delusions or hallucinations or may display negative symptoms such as lack of emotion or withdraw from social situations or relationships. Symptoms of medication-induced movement disorders can be mild or lethal and can include, for example, tremors, dystonic reactions, or serotonin syndrome.

    For this Assignment, you will complete a focused SOAP note for a patient in a case study who has either a schizophrenia spectrum, other psychotic, or medication-induced movement disorder.

    Resources

    Be sure to review the Learning Resources before completing this activity.
    Click the weekly resources link to access the resources.

    [**WEEKLY RESOURCES**](https://waldenu.instructure.com/courses/213292/modules/items/9278805)

    To Prepare

    · Review the Focused SOAP Note template, which you will use to complete this Assignment. There is also a Focused SOAP Note Exemplar provided as a guide for Assignment expectations.

    · Review the video,
    _Case Study: Sherman Tremaine_ . You will use this case as the basis of this Assignment. In this video, a Walden faculty member is assessing a mock patient. The patient will be represented onscreen as an avatar.

    · Consider what history would be necessary to collect from this patient.

    · Consider what interview questions you would need to ask this patient.

    The Assignment

    Develop a focused SOAP note, including your differential diagnosis and critical-thinking process to formulate a primary diagnosis. Incorporate the following into your responses in the template:

    ·
    **Subjective:** What details did the patient provide regarding their chief complaint and symptomology to derive your differential diagnosis? What is the duration and severity of their symptoms? How are their symptoms impacting their functioning in life?

    ·
    **Objective:** What observations did you make during the psychiatric assessment?

    ·
    **Assessment:** Discuss the patient’s mental status examination results. What were your differential diagnoses? Provide a minimum of three possible diagnoses with supporting evidence, and list them in order from highest priority to lowest priority. Compare the
    _DSM-5-TR_  diagnostic criteria for each differential diagnosis and explain what
    _DSM-5-TR_  criteria rules out the differential diagnosis to find an accurate diagnosis. Explain the critical-thinking process that led you to the primary diagnosis you selected. Include pertinent positives and pertinent negatives for the specific patient case.

    ·
    **Plan:** What is your plan for psychotherapy? What is your plan for treatment and management, including alternative therapies? Include pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic treatments, alternative therapies, and follow-up parameters, as well as a rationale for this treatment and management plan. Also incorporate one health promotion activity and one patient education strategy.

    ·
    **Reflection notes:** What would you do differently with this patient if you could conduct the session again? Discuss what your next intervention would be if you were able to follow up with this patient. Also include in your reflection a discussion related to legal/ethical considerations (demonstrate critical thinking beyond confidentiality and consent for treatment!), health promotion, and disease prevention, taking into consideration patient factors (such as age, ethnic group, etc.), PMH, and other risk factors (e.g., socioeconomic, cultural background, etc.).

    · Provide at least three evidence-based, peer-reviewed journal articles or evidenced-based guidelines that relate to this case to support your diagnostics and differential diagnoses. Be sure they are current (no more than 5 years old).

    By Day 7 of Week 5

    **Submit** your Focused SOAP Note.

    submission information

    Before submitting your final assignment, you can check your draft for authenticity. To check your draft, access the
    **Turnitin Drafts** from the
    **Start Here** area.

    1. To submit your completed assignment, save your Assignment as
    **WK5Assgn_LastName_Firstinitial**

    2. Then, click on
    **Start Assignment** near the top of the page.

    3. Next, click on
    **Upload File** and select
    **Submit Assignment** for review.

    Rubric

    **NRNP_6675_Week5_Assignment_Rubric**

    | | | |
    | — | — | — |
    | NRNP_6675_Week5_Assignment_Rubric |
    | **Criteria** | **Ratings** | **Pts** |
    | This criterion is linked to a Learning OutcomeCreate documentation in the Focused SOAP Note Template about your assigned patient.In the Subjective section, provide: • Chief complaint• History of present illness (HPI)• Past psychiatric history• Medication trials and current medications• Psychotherapy or previous psychiatric diagnosis• Pertinent substance use, family psychiatric/substance use, social, and medical history• Allergies• ROS | **15 to >13.0 ptsExcellent 90%–100%** The response throughly and accurately describes the patient's subjective complaint, history of present illness, past psychiatric history, medication trials and current medications, psychotherapy or previous psychiatric diagnosis, pertinent histories, allergies, and review of all systems that would inform a differential diagnosis.<br> <br>**13 to >11.0 ptsGood 80%–89%** The response accurately describes the patient's subjective complaint, history of present illness, past psychiatric history, medication trials and current medications, psychotherapy or previous psychiatric diagnosis, pertinent histories, allergies, and review of all systems that would inform a differential diagnosis.<br> <br>**11 to >10.0 ptsFair 70%–79%** The response describes the patient's subjective complaint, history of present illness, past psychiatric history, medication trials and current medications, psychotherapy or previous psychiatric diagnosis, pertinent histories, allergies, and review of all systems that would inform a differential diagnosis but is somewhat vague or contains minor innacuracies.<br> <br>**10 to >0 ptsPoor 0%–69%** The response provides an incomplete or inaccurate description of the patient's subjective complaint, history of present illness, past psychiatric history, medication trials and current medications, psychotherapy or previous psychiatric diagnosis, pertinent histories, allergies, and review of all systems that would inform a differential diagnosis. Or the subjective documentation is missing. | 15 pts |
    | This criterion is linked to a Learning OutcomeIn the Objective section, provide:• Physical exam documentation of systems pertinent to the chief complaint, HPI, and history• Diagnostic results, including any labs, imaging, or other assessments needed to develop the differential diagnoses | **15 to >13.0 ptsExcellent 90%–100%** The response thoroughly and accurately documents the patient's physical exam for pertinent systems. Diagnostic tests and their results are thoroughly and accurately documented.<br> <br>**13 to >11.0 ptsGood 80%–89%** The response accurately documents the patient's physical exam for pertinent systems. Diagnostic tests and their results are accurately documented.<br> <br>**11 to >10.0 ptsFair 70%–79%** Documentation of the patient's physical exam is somewhat vague or contains minor innacuracies. Diagnostic tests and their results are documented but contain minor innacuracies.<br> <br>**10 to >0 ptsPoor 0%–69%** The response provides incomplete or inaccurate documentation of the patient's physical exam. Systems may have been unnecessarily reviewed. Or the objective documentation is missing. | 15 pts |
    | This criterion is linked to a Learning OutcomeIn the Assessment section, provide:• Results of the mental status examination, presented in paragraph form• At least three differentials with supporting evidence. List them from top priority to least priority. Compare the DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for each differential diagnosis and explain what DSM-5 criteria rules out the differential diagnosis to find an accurate diagnosis. Explain the critical-thinking process that led you to the primary diagnosis you selected. Include pertinent positives and pertinent negatives for the specific patient case. | **20 to >17.0 ptsExcellent 90%–100%** The response thoroughly and accurately documents the results of the mental status exam…. Response lists at least three distinctly different and detailed possible disorders in order of priority for a differential diagnosis of the patient in the assigned case study, and it provides a thorough, accurate, and detailed justification for each of the disorders selected.<br> <br>**17 to >15.0 ptsGood 80%–89%** The response accurately documents the results of the mental status exam…. Response lists at least three distinctly different and detailed possible disorders in order of priority for a differential diagnosis of the patient in the assigned case study, and it provides an accurate justification for each of the disorders selected.<br> <br>**15 to >13.0 ptsFair 70%–79%** The response documents the results of the mental status exam with some vagueness or innacuracy…. Response lists at least three different possible disorders for a differential diagnosis of the patient and provides a justification for each, but may contain some vagueness or innacuracy.<br> <br>**13 to >0 ptsPoor 0%–69%** The response provides an incomplete or inaccurate description of the results of the mental status exam and explanation of the differential diagnoses. Or the assessment documentation is missing. | 20 pts |
    | This criterion is linked to a Learning OutcomeIn the Plan section, provide:• Your plan for psychotherapy• Your plan for treatment and management, including alternative therapies. Include pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic treatments, alternative therapies, and follow-up parameters as well as a rationale for this treatment and management plan. • Incorporate one health promotion activity and one patient education strategy. | **25 to >22.0 ptsExcellent 90%–100%** The response provides an evidence-based, detailed, and appropriate plan for psychotherapy for the patient…. The response provides an evidence-based, detailed, and appropriate plan for treatment and management, including pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic treatments, alternative therapies, and follow-up parameters. A strong rationale for the plan is provided that demonstrates critical thinking and content understanding…. The response includes at least one evidence-based health promotion activity and one evidence-based patient education strategy.<br> <br>**22 to >19.0 ptsGood 80%–89%** The response provides an evidence-based and appropriate plan for psychotherapy for the patient…. The response provides an evidence-based and appropriate plan for treatment and management, including pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic treatments, alternative therapies, and follow-up parameters. An adequate rationale for the plan is provided…. The response includes at least one health promotion activity and one patient education strategy.<br> <br>**19 to >17.0 ptsFair 70%–79%** The response provides a somewhat vague or inaccurate plan for psychotherapy for the patient…. The response provides a somewhat vague or inaccurate plan for treatment and management, including pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic treatments, alternative therapies, and follow-up parameters. The rationale for the plan is weak or general…. The response includes one health promotion activity and one patient education strategy, but it may contain some vagueness or innacuracy.<br> <br>**17 to >0 ptsPoor 0%–69%** The response provides an incomplete or inaccurate plan for psychotherapy for the patient…. The response provides an incomplete or inaccurate plan for treatment and management, including pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic treatments, alternative therapies, and follow-up parameters. The rationale for the plan is inaccurate or missing…. The health promotion and patient education strategies are incomplete or missing. | 25 pts |
    | This criterion is linked to a Learning Outcome• Discussion include what may be done differently with this patient if student conducted the session again. Discussed the next intervention if you could follow up with this patient. The discussion was related to legal/ethical considerations (demonstrated critical thinking beyond confidentiality and consent for treatment!), social determinates of health, health promotion, and disease prevention that take into consideration patient factors (such as age, ethnic group, etc.), PMH, and other risk factors (e.g., socioeconomic, cultural background, etc.). | **5 to >4.0 ptsExcellent 90%–100%** Reflections are thorough, thoughtful, and demonstrate critical thinking. Reflections contain a discussion of all elements described within assignment directions.<br> <br>**4 to >3.5 ptsGood 80%–89%** Reflections demonstrate critical thinking. Reflections contain 2 out of 3 (legal/ethical considerations, social determinate of health, health promotion) with consideration of patient factors and risk factors.<br> <br>**3.5 to >3.0 ptsFair 70%–79%** Reflections are somewhat general or do not demonstrate critical thinking. Reflections contain 2 out of 3 (legal/ethical considerations, social determinate of health, health promotion) without consideration of patient factors and risk factors.<br> <br>**3 to >0 ptsPoor 0%–69%** Reflections are incomplete, inaccurate, or missing. | 5 pts |
    | This criterion is linked to a Learning OutcomeProvide at least three evidence-based, peer-reviewed journal articles or evidenced-based guidelines that relate to this case to support your diagnostics and differential diagnoses. Be sure they are current (no more than 5 years old). | **10 to >8.0 ptsExcellent 90%–100%** The response provides at least three current, evidence-based resources from the literature to support the assessment and diagnosis of the patient in the assigned case study. The resources reflect the latest clinical guidelines and provide strong justification for decision making.<br> <br>**8 to >7.0 ptsGood 80%–89%** The response provides at least three current, evidence-based resources from the literature that appropriately support the assessment and diagnosis of the patient in the assigned case study.<br> <br>**7 to >6.0 ptsFair 70%–79%** Three evidence-based resources are provided to support the assessment and diagnosis of the patient in the assigned case study, but they may only provide vague or weak justification.<br> <br>**6 to >0 ptsPoor 0%–69%** Two or fewer resources are provided to support the assessment and diagnosis decisions. The resources may not be current or evidence based. | 10 pts |
    | This criterion is linked to a Learning OutcomeWritten Expression and Formatting – The paper follows correct APA format for parenthetical/in-text citations and reference list. | **5 to >4.0 ptsExcellent 90%–100%** Uses correct APA format with no errors<br> <br>**4 to >3.5 ptsGood 80%–89%** Contains 1-2 APA format for parenthetical/in-text citations and reference list errors<br> <br>**3.5 to >3.0 ptsFair 70%–79%** Contains 3-4 APA format for parenthetical/in-text citations and reference list errors<br> <br>**3 to >0 ptsPoor 0%–69%** Contains five or more APA format for parenthetical/in-text citations and reference list errors | 5 pts |
    | This criterion is linked to a Learning OutcomeWritten Expression and Formatting – English Writing Standards: Correct grammar, mechanics, and punctuation | **5 to >4.0 ptsExcellent 90%–100%** Uses correct grammar, spelling, and punctuation with no errors<br> <br>**4 to >3.5 ptsGood 80%–89%** Contains 1-2 grammar, spelling, and punctuation format errors<br> <br>**3.5 to >3.0 ptsFair 70%–79%** Contains 3-4 grammar, spelling, and punctuation format errors<br> <br>**3 to >0 ptsPoor 0%–69%** Contains five or more grammar, spelling, and punctuation format errors that interfere with the reader’s understanding | 5 pts |

    Total Points: 100

    ## image1.jpeg

    **## NRNP6675FocusedSOAPNoteTemplate.doc**

    **NRNP/PRAC 6665 & 6675 Comprehensive Focused SOAP Psychiatric Evaluation Template**

    **Week (enter week #): (Enter assignment title)**

    Student Name

    College of Nursing-PMHNP, Walden University

    NRNP 6675: PMHNP Care Across the Lifespan II

    Faculty Name

    Assignment Due Date

    **Subjective:**

    **CC** (chief complaint):

    **HPI**:

    **Substance Current Use:**

    **Medical History:**

    ·
    **Current Medications**:

    ·
    **Allergies**:

    ·
    **Reproductive Hx**:

    **ROS**:

    · GENERAL:

    · HEENT:

    · SKIN:

    · CARDIOVASCULAR:

    · RESPIRATORY:

    · GASTROINTESTINAL:

    · GENITOURINARY:

    · NEUROLOGICAL:

    · MUSCULOSKELETAL:

    · HEMATOLOGIC:

    · LYMPHATICS:

    · ENDOCRINOLOGIC:

    **Objective:**

    **Diagnostic results**:

    **Assessment:**

    Mental Status Examination:

    Diagnostic Impression:

    Reflections:

    **Case Formulation and Treatment Plan:**

    **References**

    © 2021 Walden University

    Page 1 of 3

    **## FocusedSOAPNoteforSchizophreniaSpectrum.docx**

    Focused SOAP Note for Schizophrenia Spectrum, Other Psychotic, and Medication-Induced Movement Disorders

    ![](https://www.sweetstudy.com/questions/focused-soap-note-for-schizophrenia-spectrum-other-psychotic-and-medication-induced-movement-disorders-20966257)

    Psychotic disorders change one’s sense of reality and cause abnormal thinking and perception. Patients presenting with psychotic disorders may suffer from delusions or hallucinations or may display negative symptoms such as lack of emotion or withdraw from social situations or relationships. Symptoms of medication-induced movement disorders can be mild or lethal and can include, for example, tremors, dystonic reactions, or serotonin syndrome.

    For this Assignment, you will complete a focused SOAP note for a patient in a case study who has either a schizophrenia spectrum, other psychotic, or medication-induced movement disorder.

    Resources

    Be sure to review the Learning Resources before completing this activity.
    Click the weekly resources link to access the resources.

    [**WEEKLY RESOURCES**](https://waldenu.instructure.com/courses/213292/modules/items/9278805)

    To Prepare

    · Review the Focused SOAP Note template, which you will use to complete this Assignment. There is also a Focused SOAP Note Exemplar provided as a guide for Assignment expectations.

    · Review the video,
    _Case Study: Sherman Tremaine_ . You will use this case as the basis of this Assignment. In this video, a Walden faculty member is assessing a mock patient. The patient will be represented onscreen as an avatar.

    · Consider what history would be necessary to collect from this patient.

    · Consider what interview questions you would need to ask this patient.

    The Assignment

    Develop a focused SOAP note, including your differential diagnosis and critical-thinking process to formulate a primary diagnosis. Incorporate the following into your responses in the template:

    ·
    **Subjective:** What details did the patient provide regarding their chief complaint and symptomology to derive your differential diagnosis? What is the duration and severity of their symptoms? How are their symptoms impacting their functioning in life?

    ·
    **Objective:** What observations did you make during the psychiatric assessment?

    ·
    **Assessment:** Discuss the patient’s mental status examination results. What were your differential diagnoses? Provide a minimum of three possible diagnoses with supporting evidence, and list them in order from highest priority to lowest priority. Compare the
    _DSM-5-TR_  diagnostic criteria for each differential diagnosis and explain what
    _DSM-5-TR_  criteria rules out the differential diagnosis to find an accurate diagnosis. Explain the critical-thinking process that led you to the primary diagnosis you selected. Include pertinent positives and pertinent negatives for the specific patient case.

    ·
    **Plan:** What is your plan for psychotherapy? What is your plan for treatment and management, including alternative therapies? Include pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic treatments, alternative therapies, and follow-up parameters, as well as a rationale for this treatment and management plan. Also incorporate one health promotion activity and one patient education strategy.

    ·
    **Reflection notes:** What would you do differently with this patient if you could conduct the session again? Discuss what your next intervention would be if you were able to follow up with this patient. Also include in your reflection a discussion related to legal/ethical considerations (demonstrate critical thinking beyond confidentiality and consent for treatment!), health promotion, and disease prevention, taking into consideration patient factors (such as age, ethnic group, etc.), PMH, and other risk factors (e.g., socioeconomic, cultural background, etc.).

    · Provide at least three evidence-based, peer-reviewed journal articles or evidenced-based guidelines that relate to this case to support your diagnostics and differential diagnoses. Be sure they are current (no more than 5 years old).

    By Day 7 of Week 5

    **Submit** your Focused SOAP Note.

    submission information

    Before submitting your final assignment, you can check your draft for authenticity. To check your draft, access the
    **Turnitin Drafts** from the
    **Start Here** area.

    1. To submit your completed assignment, save your Assignment as
    **WK5Assgn_LastName_Firstinitial**

    2. Then, click on
    **Start Assignment** near the top of the page.

    3. Next, click on
    **Upload File** and select
    **Submit Assignment** for review.

    Rubric

    **NRNP_6675_Week5_Assignment_Rubric**

    | | | |
    | — | — | — |
    | NRNP_6675_Week5_Assignment_Rubric |
    | **Criteria** | **Ratings** | **Pts** |
    | This criterion is linked to a Learning OutcomeCreate documentation in the Focused SOAP Note Template about your assigned patient.In the Subjective section, provide: • Chief complaint• History of present illness (HPI)• Past psychiatric history• Medication trials and current medications• Psychotherapy or previous psychiatric diagnosis• Pertinent substance use, family psychiatric/substance use, social, and medical history• Allergies• ROS | **15 to >13.0 ptsExcellent 90%–100%** The response throughly and accurately describes the patient's subjective complaint, history of present illness, past psychiatric history, medication trials and current medications, psychotherapy or previous psychiatric diagnosis, pertinent histories, allergies, and review of all systems that would inform a differential diagnosis.<br> <br>**13 to >11.0 ptsGood 80%–89%** The response accurately describes the patient's subjective complaint, history of present illness, past psychiatric history, medication trials and current medications, psychotherapy or previous psychiatric diagnosis, pertinent histories, allergies, and review of all systems that would inform a differential diagnosis.<br> <br>**11 to >10.0 ptsFair 70%–79%** The response describes the patient's subjective complaint, history of present illness, past psychiatric history, medication trials and current medications, psychotherapy or previous psychiatric diagnosis, pertinent histories, allergies, and review of all systems that would inform a differential diagnosis but is somewhat vague or contains minor innacuracies.<br> <br>**10 to >0 ptsPoor 0%–69%** The response provides an incomplete or inaccurate description of the patient's subjective complaint, history of present illness, past psychiatric history, medication trials and current medications, psychotherapy or previous psychiatric diagnosis, pertinent histories, allergies, and review of all systems that would inform a differential diagnosis. Or the subjective documentation is missing. | 15 pts |
    | This criterion is linked to a Learning OutcomeIn the Objective section, provide:• Physical exam documentation of systems pertinent to the chief complaint, HPI, and history• Diagnostic results, including any labs, imaging, or other assessments needed to develop the differential diagnoses | **15 to >13.0 ptsExcellent 90%–100%** The response thoroughly and accurately documents the patient's physical exam for pertinent systems. Diagnostic tests and their results are thoroughly and accurately documented.<br> <br>**13 to >11.0 ptsGood 80%–89%** The response accurately documents the patient's physical exam for pertinent systems. Diagnostic tests and their results are accurately documented.<br> <br>**11 to >10.0 ptsFair 70%–79%** Documentation of the patient's physical exam is somewhat vague or contains minor innacuracies. Diagnostic tests and their results are documented but contain minor innacuracies.<br> <br>**10 to >0 ptsPoor 0%–69%** The response provides incomplete or inaccurate documentation of the patient's physical exam. Systems may have been unnecessarily reviewed. Or the objective documentation is missing. | 15 pts |
    | This criterion is linked to a Learning OutcomeIn the Assessment section, provide:• Results of the mental status examination, presented in paragraph form• At least three differentials with supporting evidence. List them from top priority to least priority. Compare the DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for each differential diagnosis and explain what DSM-5 criteria rules out the differential diagnosis to find an accurate diagnosis. Explain the critical-thinking process that led you to the primary diagnosis you selected. Include pertinent positives and pertinent negatives for the specific patient case. | **20 to >17.0 ptsExcellent 90%–100%** The response thoroughly and accurately documents the results of the mental status exam…. Response lists at least three distinctly different and detailed possible disorders in order of priority for a differential diagnosis of the patient in the assigned case study, and it provides a thorough, accurate, and detailed justification for each of the disorders selected.<br> <br>**17 to >15.0 ptsGood 80%–89%** The response accurately documents the results of the mental status exam…. Response lists at least three distinctly different and detailed possible disorders in order of priority for a differential diagnosis of the patient in the assigned case study, and it provides an accurate justification for each of the disorders selected.<br> <br>**15 to >13.0 ptsFair 70%–79%** The response documents the results of the mental status exam with some vagueness or innacuracy…. Response lists at least three different possible disorders for a differential diagnosis of the patient and provides a justification for each, but may contain some vagueness or innacuracy.<br> <br>**13 to >0 ptsPoor 0%–69%** The response provides an incomplete or inaccurate description of the results of the mental status exam and explanation of the differential diagnoses. Or the assessment documentation is missing. | 20 pts |
    | This criterion is linked to a Learning OutcomeIn the Plan section, provide:• Your plan for psychotherapy• Your plan for treatment and management, including alternative therapies. Include pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic treatments, alternative therapies, and follow-up parameters as well as a rationale for this treatment and management plan. • Incorporate one health promotion activity and one patient education strategy. | **25 to >22.0 ptsExcellent 90%–100%** The response provides an evidence-based, detailed, and appropriate plan for psychotherapy for the patient…. The response provides an evidence-based, detailed, and appropriate plan for treatment and management, including pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic treatments, alternative therapies, and follow-up parameters. A strong rationale for the plan is provided that demonstrates critical thinking and content understanding…. The response includes at least one evidence-based health promotion activity and one evidence-based patient education strategy.<br> <br>**22 to >19.0 ptsGood 80%–89%** The response provides an evidence-based and appropriate plan for psychotherapy for the patient…. The response provides an evidence-based and appropriate plan for treatment and management, including pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic treatments, alternative therapies, and follow-up parameters. An adequate rationale for the plan is provided…. The response includes at least one health promotion activity and one patient education strategy.<br> <br>**19 to >17.0 ptsFair 70%–79%** The response provides a somewhat vague or inaccurate plan for psychotherapy for the patient…. The response provides a somewhat vague or inaccurate plan for treatment and management, including pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic treatments, alternative therapies, and follow-up parameters. The rationale for the plan is weak or general…. The response includes one health promotion activity and one patient education strategy, but it may contain some vagueness or innacuracy.<br> <br>**17 to >0 ptsPoor 0%–69%** The response provides an incomplete or inaccurate plan for psychotherapy for the patient…. The response provides an incomplete or inaccurate plan for treatment and management, including pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic treatments, alternative therapies, and follow-up parameters. The rationale for the plan is inaccurate or missing…. The health promotion and patient education strategies are incomplete or missing. | 25 pts |
    | This criterion is linked to a Learning Outcome• Discussion include what may be done differently with this patient if student conducted the session again. Discussed the next intervention if you could follow up with this patient. The discussion was related to legal/ethical considerations (demonstrated critical thinking beyond confidentiality and consent for treatment!), social determinates of health, health promotion, and disease prevention that take into consideration patient factors (such as age, ethnic group, etc.), PMH, and other risk factors (e.g., socioeconomic, cultural background, etc.). | **5 to >4.0 ptsExcellent 90%–100%** Reflections are thorough, thoughtful, and demonstrate critical thinking. Reflections contain a discussion of all elements described within assignment directions.<br> <br>**4 to >3.5 ptsGood 80%–89%** Reflections demonstrate critical thinking. Reflections contain 2 out of 3 (legal/ethical considerations, social determinate of health, health promotion) with consideration of patient factors and risk factors.<br> <br>**3.5 to >3.0 ptsFair 70%–79%** Reflections are somewhat general or do not demonstrate critical thinking. Reflections contain 2 out of 3 (legal/ethical considerations, social determinate of health, health promotion) without consideration of patient factors and risk factors.<br> <br>**3 to >0 ptsPoor 0%–69%** Reflections are incomplete, inaccurate, or missing. | 5 pts |
    | This criterion is linked to a Learning OutcomeProvide at least three evidence-based, peer-reviewed journal articles or evidenced-based guidelines that relate to this case to support your diagnostics and differential diagnoses. Be sure they are current (no more than 5 years old). | **10 to >8.0 ptsExcellent 90%–100%** The response provides at least three current, evidence-based resources from the literature to support the assessment and diagnosis of the patient in the assigned case study. The resources reflect the latest clinical guidelines and provide strong justification for decision making.<br> <br>**8 to >7.0 ptsGood 80%–89%** The response provides at least three current, evidence-based resources from the literature that appropriately support the assessment and diagnosis of the patient in the assigned case study.<br> <br>**7 to >6.0 ptsFair 70%–79%** Three evidence-based resources are provided to support the assessment and diagnosis of the patient in the assigned case study, but they may only provide vague or weak justification.<br> <br>**6 to >0 ptsPoor 0%–69%** Two or fewer resources are provided to support the assessment and diagnosis decisions. The resources may not be current or evidence based. | 10 pts |
    | This criterion is linked to a Learning OutcomeWritten Expression and Formatting – The paper follows correct APA format for parenthetical/in-text citations and reference list. | **5 to >4.0 ptsExcellent 90%–100%** Uses correct APA format with no errors<br> <br>**4 to >3.5 ptsGood 80%–89%** Contains 1-2 APA format for parenthetical/in-text citations and reference list errors<br> <br>**3.5 to >3.0 ptsFair 70%–79%** Contains 3-4 APA format for parenthetical/in-text citations and reference list errors<br> <br>**3 to >0 ptsPoor 0%–69%** Contains five or more APA format for parenthetical/in-text citations and reference list errors | 5 pts |
    | This criterion is linked to a Learning OutcomeWritten Expression and Formatting – English Writing Standards: Correct grammar, mechanics, and punctuation | **5 to >4.0 ptsExcellent 90%–100%** Uses correct grammar, spelling, and punctuation with no errors<br> <br>**4 to >3.5 ptsGood 80%–89%** Contains 1-2 grammar, spelling, and punctuation format errors<br> <br>**3.5 to >3.0 ptsFair 70%–79%** Contains 3-4 grammar, spelling, and punctuation format errors<br> <br>**3 to >0 ptsPoor 0%–69%** Contains five or more grammar, spelling, and punctuation format errors that interfere with the reader’s understanding | 5 pts |

    Total Points: 100

    ## image1.jpeg

    **## NRNP6675FocusedSOAPNoteTemplate.doc**

    **NRNP/PRAC 6665 & 6675 Comprehensive Focused SOAP Psychiatric Evaluation Template**

    **Week (enter week #): (Enter assignment title)**

    Student Name

    College of Nursing-PMHNP, Walden University

    NRNP 6675: PMHNP Care Across the Lifespan II

    Faculty Name

    Assignment Due Date

    **Subjective:**

    **CC** (chief complaint):

    **HPI**:

    **Substance Current Use:**

    **Medical History:**

    ·
    **Current Medications**:

    ·
    **Allergies**:

    ·
    **Reproductive Hx**:

    **ROS**:

    · GENERAL:

    · HEENT:

    · SKIN:

    · CARDIOVASCULAR:

    · RESPIRATORY:

    · GASTROINTESTINAL:

    · GENITOURINARY:

    · NEUROLOGICAL:

    · MUSCULOSKELETAL:

    · HEMATOLOGIC:

    · LYMPHATICS:

    · ENDOCRINOLOGIC:

    **Objective:**

    **Diagnostic results**:

    **Assessment:**

    Mental Status Examination:

    Diagnostic Impression:

    Reflections:

    **Case Formulation and Treatment Plan:**

    **References**

    © 2021 Walden University

    Page 1 of 3

    **## FocusedSOAPNoteforSchizophreniaSpectrum.docx**

    Focused SOAP Note for Schizophrenia Spectrum, Other Psychotic, and Medication-Induced Movement Disorders

    ![](https://www.sweetstudy.com/questions/focused-soap-note-for-schizophrenia-spectrum-other-psychotic-and-medication-induced-movement-disorders-20966257)

    Psychotic disorders change one’s sense of reality and cause abnormal thinking and perception. Patients presenting with psychotic disorders may suffer from delusions or hallucinations or may display negative symptoms such as lack of emotion or withdraw from social situations or relationships. Symptoms of medication-induced movement disorders can be mild or lethal and can include, for example, tremors, dystonic reactions, or serotonin syndrome.

    For this Assignment, you will complete a focused SOAP note for a patient in a case study who has either a schizophrenia spectrum, other psychotic, or medication-induced movement disorder.

    Resources

    Be sure to review the Learning Resources before completing this activity.
    Click the weekly resources link to access the resources.

    [**WEEKLY RESOURCES**](https://waldenu.instructure.com/courses/213292/modules/items/9278805)

    To Prepare

    · Review the Focused SOAP Note template, which you will use to complete this Assignment. There is also a Focused SOAP Note Exemplar provided as a guide for Assignment expectations.

    · Review the video,
    _Case Study: Sherman Tremaine_ . You will use this case as the basis of this Assignment. In this video, a Walden faculty member is assessing a mock patient. The patient will be represented onscreen as an avatar.

    · Consider what history would be necessary to collect from this patient.

    · Consider what interview questions you would need to ask this patient.

    The Assignment

    Develop a focused SOAP note, including your differential diagnosis and critical-thinking process to formulate a primary diagnosis. Incorporate the following into your responses in the template:

    ·
    **Subjective:** What details did the patient provide regarding their chief complaint and symptomology to derive your differential diagnosis? What is the duration and severity of their symptoms? How are their symptoms impacting their functioning in life?

    ·
    **Objective:** What observations did you make during the psychiatric assessment?

    ·
    **Assessment:** Discuss the patient’s mental status examination results. What were your differential diagnoses? Provide a minimum of three possible diagnoses with supporting evidence, and list them in order from highest priority to lowest priority. Compare the
    _DSM-5-TR_  diagnostic criteria for each differential diagnosis and explain what
    _DSM-5-TR_  criteria rules out the differential diagnosis to find an accurate diagnosis. Explain the critical-thinking process that led you to the primary diagnosis you selected. Include pertinent positives and pertinent negatives for the specific patient case.

    ·
    **Plan:** What is your plan for psychotherapy? What is your plan for treatment and management, including alternative therapies? Include pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic treatments, alternative therapies, and follow-up parameters, as well as a rationale for this treatment and management plan. Also incorporate one health promotion activity and one patient education strategy.

    ·
    **Reflection notes:** What would you do differently with this patient if you could conduct the session again? Discuss what your next intervention would be if you were able to follow up with this patient. Also include in your reflection a discussion related to legal/ethical considerations (demonstrate critical thinking beyond confidentiality and consent for treatment!), health promotion, and disease prevention, taking into consideration patient factors (such as age, ethnic group, etc.), PMH, and other risk factors (e.g., socioeconomic, cultural background, etc.).

    · Provide at least three evidence-based, peer-reviewed journal articles or evidenced-based guidelines that relate to this case to support your diagnostics and differential diagnoses. Be sure they are current (no more than 5 years old).

    By Day 7 of Week 5

    **Submit** your Focused SOAP Note.

    submission information

    Before submitting your final assignment, you can check your draft for authenticity. To check your draft, access the
    **Turnitin Drafts** from the
    **Start Here** area.

    1. To submit your completed assignment, save your Assignment as
    **WK5Assgn_LastName_Firstinitial**

    2. Then, click on
    **Start Assignment** near the top of the page.

    3. Next, click on
    **Upload File** and select
    **Submit Assignment** for review.

    Rubric

    **NRNP_6675_Week5_Assignment_Rubric**

    | | | |
    | — | — | — |
    | NRNP_6675_Week5_Assignment_Rubric |
    | **Criteria** | **Ratings** | **Pts** |
    | This criterion is linked to a Learning OutcomeCreate documentation in the Focused SOAP Note Template about your assigned patient.In the Subjective section, provide: • Chief complaint• History of present illness (HPI)• Past psychiatric history• Medication trials and current medications• Psychotherapy or previous psychiatric diagnosis• Pertinent substance use, family psychiatric/substance use, social, and medical history• Allergies• ROS | **15 to >13.0 ptsExcellent 90%–100%** The response throughly and accurately describes the patient's subjective complaint, history of present illness, past psychiatric history, medication trials and current medications, psychotherapy or previous psychiatric diagnosis, pertinent histories, allergies, and review of all systems that would inform a differential diagnosis.<br> <br>**13 to >11.0 ptsGood 80%–89%** The response accurately describes the patient's subjective complaint, history of present illness, past psychiatric history, medication trials and current medications, psychotherapy or previous psychiatric diagnosis, pertinent histories, allergies, and review of all systems that would inform a differential diagnosis.<br> <br>**11 to >10.0 ptsFair 70%–79%** The response describes the patient's subjective complaint, history of present illness, past psychiatric history, medication trials and current medications, psychotherapy or previous psychiatric diagnosis, pertinent histories, allergies, and review of all systems that would inform a differential diagnosis but is somewhat vague or contains minor innacuracies.<br> <br>**10 to >0 ptsPoor 0%–69%** The response provides an incomplete or inaccurate description of the patient's subjective complaint, history of present illness, past psychiatric history, medication trials and current medications, psychotherapy or previous psychiatric diagnosis, pertinent histories, allergies, and review of all systems that would inform a differential diagnosis. Or the subjective documentation is missing. | 15 pts |
    | This criterion is linked to a Learning OutcomeIn the Objective section, provide:• Physical exam documentation of systems pertinent to the chief complaint, HPI, and history• Diagnostic results, including any labs, imaging, or other assessments needed to develop the differential diagnoses | **15 to >13.0 ptsExcellent 90%–100%** The response thoroughly and accurately documents the patient's physical exam for pertinent systems. Diagnostic tests and their results are thoroughly and accurately documented.<br> <br>**13 to >11.0 ptsGood 80%–89%** The response accurately documents the patient's physical exam for pertinent systems. Diagnostic tests and their results are accurately documented.<br> <br>**11 to >10.0 ptsFair 70%–79%** Documentation of the patient's physical exam is somewhat vague or contains minor innacuracies. Diagnostic tests and their results are documented but contain minor innacuracies.<br> <br>**10 to >0 ptsPoor 0%–69%** The response provides incomplete or inaccurate documentation of the patient's physical exam. Systems may have been unnecessarily reviewed. Or the objective documentation is missing. | 15 pts |
    | This criterion is linked to a Learning OutcomeIn the Assessment section, provide:• Results of the mental status examination, presented in paragraph form• At least three differentials with supporting evidence. List them from top priority to least priority. Compare the DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for each differential diagnosis and explain what DSM-5 criteria rules out the differential diagnosis to find an accurate diagnosis. Explain the critical-thinking process that led you to the primary diagnosis you selected. Include pertinent positives and pertinent negatives for the specific patient case. | **20 to >17.0 ptsExcellent 90%–100%** The response thoroughly and accurately documents the results of the mental status exam…. Response lists at least three distinctly different and detailed possible disorders in order of priority for a differential diagnosis of the patient in the assigned case study, and it provides a thorough, accurate, and detailed justification for each of the disorders selected.<br> <br>**17 to >15.0 ptsGood 80%–89%** The response accurately documents the results of the mental status exam…. Response lists at least three distinctly different and detailed possible disorders in order of priority for a differential diagnosis of the patient in the assigned case study, and it provides an accurate justification for each of the disorders selected.<br> <br>**15 to >13.0 ptsFair 70%–79%** The response documents the results of the mental status exam with some vagueness or innacuracy…. Response lists at least three different possible disorders for a differential diagnosis of the patient and provides a justification for each, but may contain some vagueness or innacuracy.<br> <br>**13 to >0 ptsPoor 0%–69%** The response provides an incomplete or inaccurate description of the results of the mental status exam and explanation of the differential diagnoses. Or the assessment documentation is missing. | 20 pts |
    | This criterion is linked to a Learning OutcomeIn the Plan section, provide:• Your plan for psychotherapy• Your plan for treatment and management, including alternative therapies. Include pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic treatments, alternative therapies, and follow-up parameters as well as a rationale for this treatment and management plan. • Incorporate one health promotion activity and one patient education strategy. | **25 to >22.0 ptsExcellent 90%–100%** The response provides an evidence-based, detailed, and appropriate plan for psychotherapy for the patient…. The response provides an evidence-based, detailed, and appropriate plan for treatment and management, including pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic treatments, alternative therapies, and follow-up parameters. A strong rationale for the plan is provided that demonstrates critical thinking and content understanding…. The response includes at least one evidence-based health promotion activity and one evidence-based patient education strategy.<br> <br>**22 to >19.0 ptsGood 80%–89%** The response provides an evidence-based and appropriate plan for psychotherapy for the patient…. The response provides an evidence-based and appropriate plan for treatment and management, including pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic treatments, alternative therapies, and follow-up parameters. An adequate rationale for the plan is provided…. The response includes at least one health promotion activity and one patient education strategy.<br> <br>**19 to >17.0 ptsFair 70%–79%** The response provides a somewhat vague or inaccurate plan for psychotherapy for the patient…. The response provides a somewhat vague or inaccurate plan for treatment and management, including pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic treatments, alternative therapies, and follow-up parameters. The rationale for the plan is weak or general…. The response includes one health promotion activity and one patient education strategy, but it may contain some vagueness or innacuracy.<br> <br>**17 to >0 ptsPoor 0%–69%** The response provides an incomplete or inaccurate plan for psychotherapy for the patient…. The response provides an incomplete or inaccurate plan for treatment and management, including pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic treatments, alternative therapies, and follow-up parameters. The rationale for the plan is inaccurate or missing…. The health promotion and patient education strategies are incomplete or missing. | 25 pts |
    | This criterion is linked to a Learning Outcome• Discussion include what may be done differently with this patient if student conducted the session again. Discussed the next intervention if you could follow up with this patient. The discussion was related to legal/ethical considerations (demonstrated critical thinking beyond confidentiality and consent for treatment!), social determinates of health, health promotion, and disease prevention that take into consideration patient factors (such as age, ethnic group, etc.), PMH, and other risk factors (e.g., socioeconomic, cultural background, etc.). | **5 to >4.0 ptsExcellent 90%–100%** Reflections are thorough, thoughtful, and demonstrate critical thinking. Reflections contain a discussion of all elements described within assignment directions.<br> <br>**4 to >3.5 ptsGood 80%–89%** Reflections demonstrate critical thinking. Reflections contain 2 out of 3 (legal/ethical considerations, social determinate of health, health promotion) with consideration of patient factors and risk factors.<br> <br>**3.5 to >3.0 ptsFair 70%–79%** Reflections are somewhat general or do not demonstrate critical thinking. Reflections contain 2 out of 3 (legal/ethical considerations, social determinate of health, health promotion) without consideration of patient factors and risk factors.<br> <br>**3 to >0 ptsPoor 0%–69%** Reflections are incomplete, inaccurate, or missing. | 5 pts |
    | This criterion is linked to a Learning OutcomeProvide at least three evidence-based, peer-reviewed journal articles or evidenced-based guidelines that relate to this case to support your diagnostics and differential diagnoses. Be sure they are current (no more than 5 years old). | **10 to >8.0 ptsExcellent 90%–100%** The response provides at least three current, evidence-based resources from the literature to support the assessment and diagnosis of the patient in the assigned case study. The resources reflect the latest clinical guidelines and provide strong justification for decision making.<br> <br>**8 to >7.0 ptsGood 80%–89%** The response provides at least three current, evidence-based resources from the literature that appropriately support the assessment and diagnosis of the patient in the assigned case study.<br> <br>**7 to >6.0 ptsFair 70%–79%** Three evidence-based resources are provided to support the assessment and diagnosis of the patient in the assigned case study, but they may only provide vague or weak justification.<br> <br>**6 to >0 ptsPoor 0%–69%** Two or fewer resources are provided to support the assessment and diagnosis decisions. The resources may not be current or evidence based. | 10 pts |
    | This criterion is linked to a Learning OutcomeWritten Expression and Formatting – The paper follows correct APA format for parenthetical/in-text citations and reference list. | **5 to >4.0 ptsExcellent 90%–100%** Uses correct APA format with no errors<br> <br>**4 to >3.5 ptsGood 80%–89%** Contains 1-2 APA format for parenthetical/in-text citations and reference list errors<br> <br>**3.5 to >3.0 ptsFair 70%–79%** Contains 3-4 APA format for parenthetical/in-text citations and reference list errors<br> <br>**3 to >0 ptsPoor 0%–69%** Contains five or more APA format for parenthetical/in-text citations and reference list errors | 5 pts |
    | This criterion is linked to a Learning OutcomeWritten Expression and Formatting – English Writing Standards: Correct grammar, mechanics, and punctuation | **5 to >4.0 ptsExcellent 90%–100%** Uses correct grammar, spelling, and punctuation with no errors<br> <br>**4 to >3.5 ptsGood 80%–89%** Contains 1-2 grammar, spelling, and punctuation format errors<br> <br>**3.5 to >3.0 ptsFair 70%–79%** Contains 3-4 grammar, spelling, and punctuation format errors<br> <br>**3 to >0 ptsPoor 0%–69%** Contains five or more grammar, spelling, and punctuation format errors that interfere with the reader’s understanding | 5 pts |

    Total Points: 100

    ## image1.jpeg

  • [Solved] delayed emergency treatment for miscarriage and ectopic pregnancy

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    **Preliminary References:** Find three research articles that provide support for or against the bioethical issue you have chosen for your final Bioethical Issue address the importance of a current and controversial bioethical issue to health care and the current or emerging, dynamics of this ethica…

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    **Preliminary References:** Find three research articles that provide support for or against the bioethical issue you have chosen for your final Bioethical Issue

    address the importance of a current and controversial bioethical issue to health care and the current or emerging, dynamics of this ethical issue on the healthcare environment.

    introduction

    the issue and its dimensions,

    ethical theory and principles,

    ethical/cultural dynamics (consideration of your profession’s Code of Ethics),

    nursing profession/policy (see below),

    and the writer’s recommendations/personal views.

    Concrete examples and illustrations will be an important part

    The policy section must indicate current local and/or national policies, and professional organization’s policy on this issue and any recommendations or suggestions you may have for modification or changes. These recommendations will then be used in the Bioethical Issues Advocacy Presentation assignment.

    must conform to APA style (7th ed.). Grammar, punctuation, and use of relevant citations must be consistent with graduate-level expectations. to be 11–15 pages in length, excluding title page and reference page. Be sure to use “page break.” Include at least 3 scholarly citations (<5 years). Place a subheading for each category described in the grading rubric (available in the online course).

    – [\
    \
    EXAMPLE.pdf](https://www.sweetstudy.com/files/example-pdf-10519567 "EXAMPLE.pdf")
    – [\
    \
    AssessingthePolicyEnvironment.pdf](https://www.sweetstudy.com/files/assessingthepolicyenvironment-pdf "AssessingthePolicyEnvironment.pdf")

  • [Solved] History of science

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    Federal laboratories, Universities, or Industrial Laboratories? Based on the course readings, which institutional setting contributed most significantly to the development of physics in the 20th century? Explain your rationale with examples. Additionally, did 20th century physicists have more signif…

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    Federal laboratories, Universities, or Industrial Laboratories? Based on the course readings, which institutional setting contributed most significantly to the development of physics in the 20th century? Explain your rationale with examples. Additionally, did 20th century physicists have more significant achievements on earth or in space (including all institutional settings)? Explain why. Finally, which physicist made the greatest contribution? Explain how, and cite a primary source written by him or her.

    **Paper Outline (Use Subheadings for Parts A, B, and C)**:

    1. Title Page
    2. Part A: Institutional Setting Answer
    3. Part B: Earth or Space Answer
    4. Part C: The Selected Physicist
    5. Bibliography

    **Length**: 250 to 500 words (not including title page or bibliography).

    **Format**: APA, MLA, or Chicago Manual of Style. For assistance visit:

    1. [Writing@APUS-APA](https://www.apus.edu/apus-library/resources-services/Writing/writing-center/apa-style-guide-info.html)
    2. [Writing@APUS-MLA](https://www.apus.edu/apus-library/resources-services/Writing/writing-center/mla-style-guide-info.html)
    3. [Writing@APUS-Chicago-Notes/Bib](https://www.apus.edu/apus-library/resources-services/Writing/writing-center/chicago-style-info-continued.html)

    **Paper Requirements**:

    1. Cite the readings for the week, indicating how they informed your answer.
    2. Cite ONE primary source written by your selected physicist. As a reminder, a primary source "is a document or physical object which was written or created during the time under study. These sources were present during an experience or time period and offer an inside view of a particular event."
    3. Cite ONE scholarly source from peer reviewed journals or books found in the APUS library. What is a secondary source? "A secondary source interprets and analyzes primary sources. These sources are one or more steps removed from the event." Web sites are not approved research for this assignment. There is to be NO USE OF WEBSITES in your answer under any circumstances for this part of the assignment. Scholarly and peer reviewed research only.

    reading

    Science and religion :A Very Short Introduction, chapter 1 pages (1–17)

    sconce and religion around the world : chapter 12 p 278-294

    noble prize women in science chapter 1 pg 1-8

    science and technology in world history : conclusion page 437-439

  • [Solved] decision making, nursing

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    I need help with an assignment in decision making in nursing

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    I need help with an assignment in decision making in nursing

  • [Solved] case study

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    **files (1)** – ## homeworkcasestudy.docx **## homeworkcasestudy.docx** Answer the following questions using the patient examples described above. **Patient 1** · What are the concerns of the patient remaining on the opioid medication and clonazepam? · How might you educate the patient about these r…

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    **files (1)**

    – ## homeworkcasestudy.docx

    **## homeworkcasestudy.docx**

    Answer the following questions using the patient examples described above.

    **Patient 1**

    · What are the concerns of the patient remaining on the opioid medication and clonazepam?

    · How might you educate the patient about these risks and concerns?

    The patient agrees that he should not continue both medications in combination. He would like to “get off” the clonazepam but worries about “bad withdrawals” that he’s heard about from stopping clonazepam “cold turkey” and is concerned about re-occurring panic attacks. How might you respond to the following:

    · How would you instruct the patient to taper off clonazepam?

    · What other medication would you recommend for the patient for the treatment of his panic attacks? Keep in mind, he will continue the opioid medication for pain relief.

    · How would you start the new recommended psychotropic medication for the patient?

    · Discuss one legal, ethical, or social consideration with the treatment plan.

    **Patient 2**

    · The patient reports withdrawal symptoms when previously tapering off the alprazolam. What symptoms are common withdrawal symptoms from this medication?

    · Provide the patient education of withdrawal symptoms that range from common and less serious to withdrawal symptoms that are a cause for concern and that should prompt patient should seek medical attention.

    · Given the patient’s history of having withdrawal effects from attempting to taper off alprazolam, what longer-acting benzodiazepine would you choose to convert the patient to?

    · What is the dose you would prescribe and how would you taper off the medication?

    **Patient 3**

    · Review the potential risks, benefits, and side effects of continuing lorazepam throughout the pregnancy and postpartum for both the patient and fetus.

    · Review other alternative medications to treat generalized anxiety disorder. Include risks, benefits, and potential side effects to both the patient and the developing fetus. Keep in mind, the patient is looking to breast feed for 6 months postpartum.

    · The patient agrees that it would be safest for her pregnancy and fetus to discontinue the lorazepam. How would you recommend she discontinue lorazepam? Provide education on potential side effects from tapering off the medication, including common side effects to more serious side effects and when to seek medical attention.

    · The patient would like to forgo medications at this time, given she is early in her pregnancy and is concerned about “damage” to the fetus if she were to continue medications. Provide education to the patient about the risks of untreated anxiety symptoms during pregnancy for both the patient and the fetus.

    **Patient 4**

    · Review potential side effects for elderly on benzodiazepines providing education to both the patient and the patient’s daughter. What are the risks of continuing the benzodiazepine for this patient?

    · How would you evaluate the patient for these side effects?

    · The patient and daughter agree he will need to taper off the clonazepam given the risks of continuing this medication. How would you recommend tapering off this medication?

    · Review with the patient and daughter potential side effects of tapering off the medication. Review with them common side effects to more serious side effects and when to seek medical attention.

    **Reminder:** The College of Nursing requires that all papers submitted include a title page, introduction, summary, and references. The
    [Walden Writing Center Sample PaperLinks to an external site.](https://academicguides.waldenu.edu/writingcenter/templates/general) provides an example of those required elements.

    Paper demonstrates critical thinking and synthesis of literature with five (5) evidence-based, peer reviewed scholarly references

    **## homeworkcasestudy.docx**

    Answer the following questions using the patient examples described above.

    **Patient 1**

    · What are the concerns of the patient remaining on the opioid medication and clonazepam?

    · How might you educate the patient about these risks and concerns?

    The patient agrees that he should not continue both medications in combination. He would like to “get off” the clonazepam but worries about “bad withdrawals” that he’s heard about from stopping clonazepam “cold turkey” and is concerned about re-occurring panic attacks. How might you respond to the following:

    · How would you instruct the patient to taper off clonazepam?

    · What other medication would you recommend for the patient for the treatment of his panic attacks? Keep in mind, he will continue the opioid medication for pain relief.

    · How would you start the new recommended psychotropic medication for the patient?

    · Discuss one legal, ethical, or social consideration with the treatment plan.

    **Patient 2**

    · The patient reports withdrawal symptoms when previously tapering off the alprazolam. What symptoms are common withdrawal symptoms from this medication?

    · Provide the patient education of withdrawal symptoms that range from common and less serious to withdrawal symptoms that are a cause for concern and that should prompt patient should seek medical attention.

    · Given the patient’s history of having withdrawal effects from attempting to taper off alprazolam, what longer-acting benzodiazepine would you choose to convert the patient to?

    · What is the dose you would prescribe and how would you taper off the medication?

    **Patient 3**

    · Review the potential risks, benefits, and side effects of continuing lorazepam throughout the pregnancy and postpartum for both the patient and fetus.

    · Review other alternative medications to treat generalized anxiety disorder. Include risks, benefits, and potential side effects to both the patient and the developing fetus. Keep in mind, the patient is looking to breast feed for 6 months postpartum.

    · The patient agrees that it would be safest for her pregnancy and fetus to discontinue the lorazepam. How would you recommend she discontinue lorazepam? Provide education on potential side effects from tapering off the medication, including common side effects to more serious side effects and when to seek medical attention.

    · The patient would like to forgo medications at this time, given she is early in her pregnancy and is concerned about “damage” to the fetus if she were to continue medications. Provide education to the patient about the risks of untreated anxiety symptoms during pregnancy for both the patient and the fetus.

    **Patient 4**

    · Review potential side effects for elderly on benzodiazepines providing education to both the patient and the patient’s daughter. What are the risks of continuing the benzodiazepine for this patient?

    · How would you evaluate the patient for these side effects?

    · The patient and daughter agree he will need to taper off the clonazepam given the risks of continuing this medication. How would you recommend tapering off this medication?

    · Review with the patient and daughter potential side effects of tapering off the medication. Review with them common side effects to more serious side effects and when to seek medical attention.

    **Reminder:** The College of Nursing requires that all papers submitted include a title page, introduction, summary, and references. The
    [Walden Writing Center Sample PaperLinks to an external site.](https://academicguides.waldenu.edu/writingcenter/templates/general) provides an example of those required elements.

    Paper demonstrates critical thinking and synthesis of literature with five (5) evidence-based, peer reviewed scholarly references

  • [Solved] Culture & Groups

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    Address your chosen scenario, answer the questions, reference textbook and outside source) **References** (In APA format) For the initial post, address the following: your manager asks you to take on a new project that you think you could take on by yourself. He suggests that you form a task group w…

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    Address your chosen scenario, answer the questions, reference textbook and outside source)

    **References**

         (In APA format)

    For the initial post, address the following:

    your manager asks you to take on a new project that you think you could take on by yourself. He suggests that you form a task group with 15–20 members, which you think is too much. One of the members your manager recommends adding to the team is John. This gives you additional concern because you think John has had hidden agendas in the past. Even though you think you can do this on your own, how is a group decision different from an individual decision? How can you convince your manager that a smaller group would be better? How do you deal with John if your manager insists on him being in the group? Please reference the textbook and an outside source as you attend to the questions for this scenario.

    – [\
    \
    ASSISSMENTGUIDELINESTWO.docx](https://www.sweetstudy.com/files/assissmentguidelinestwo-docx-10519433 "ASSISSMENTGUIDELINESTWO.docx")

  • [Solved] Can you help me

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    [>Economics homework help](https://www.sweetstudy.com/fields/business-finance-economics) Can you help me

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    [>Economics homework help](https://www.sweetstudy.com/fields/business-finance-economics)

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  • [Solved] CM RS

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    [>Anatomy homework help](https://www.sweetstudy.com/fields/biology-anatomy) **files (2)** – ## Chapter_015.rtf – 20260321_000027.jpg **## Chapter_015.rtf** 15-4 Audio Chapter Summaries Copyright © 2025 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, an…

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    [>Anatomy homework help](https://www.sweetstudy.com/fields/biology-anatomy)

    **files (2)**

    – ## Chapter_015.rtf

    – 20260321_000027.jpg

    **## Chapter_015.rtf**

    15-4

    Audio Chapter Summaries

    Copyright © 2025 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.

    Copyright © 2025 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.

    **Patton: Structure & Function of the Body, 17th Edition**

    **Chapter 15: Respiratory System**

    ****Audio Chapter Summaries****

    ****Welcome to the audio review of Chapter 15: Respiratory System.****

    **First, we’ll review the organization of the respiratory system.**

    **A 3-dimensional visual of the respiratory system would be similar to an inverted tree if it were hollow; branches would be the bronchi, and leaves of the tree would be comparable to alveoli, with the microscopic sacs enclosed by networks of capillaries.**

    **The passive transport process of diffusion is responsible for the exchange of gases that occurs during respiration.**

    **The respiratory tract is divided into upper and lower portions.**

    **The upper respiratory tract includes the nose, pharynx, and larynx.**

    **The lower respiratory tract contains the trachea, bronchial tree, alveoli, and lungs.**

    **The respiratory mucosa is a specialized membrane that lines the air distribution tubes in the respiratory tree. Three types of epithelium are present in the respiratory mucosa:**

    **Ciliated pseudostratified epithelium lines most of the tract and produces mucus.**

    **Stratified squamous epithelium lines the nostrils, vocal folds, and pharynx; it serves a protective function.**

    **Simple squamous epithelium lines the alveoli and facilitates gas exchange.**

    **The respiratory mucosa serves several functions:**

    **More than 125 mL of mucus is produced each day. It forms a “mucous blanket” over much of the respiratory mucosa.**

    **Mucus serves as an air purification mechanism by trapping inspired irritants such as dust and pollen.**

    **The respiratory mucosa also supports what could be called the ciliary escalator; cilia on mucosal cells beat in only one direction, moving mucus upward to the pharynx for removal.**

    **Now we’ll review some specifics about the upper respiratory tract.**

    **A nasal septum separates the interior of the nose into two cavities, called nares or nostrils.**

    **Frontal, maxillary, sphenoidal, and ethmoidal sinuses of the skull drain into the nose.**

    **Three shelflike structures in the nasal cavity called conchae or turbinates warms and moistens inhaled air. The nose also houses the sense organs of smell.**

    **The pharynx or throat is about 12.5 cm (or 5 inches) long. It is divided into the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and the laryngopharynx.**

    **The two nasal cavities, mouth, esophagus, larynx, and auditory tubes all have openings into the pharynx.**

    **Pharyngeal tonsils and the openings of auditory tubes open into the nasopharynx. The tonsils are found in the oropharynx.**

    **The pharynx functions as a passageway for food and liquids, as well as a passageway for air.**

    **Nine pieces of cartilage form the framework of the last structure of the upper respiratory tract, the larynx.**

    **The thyroid cartilage (also called the Adam’s apple) is the largest.**

    **Note that the epiglottis partially covers the opening into the larynx.**

    **Vocal cords stretch across the interior of the larynx.**

    **Thus, one of the larynx’s functions is voice production. The other is air distribution; like the pharynx, it serves as a passageway for air to move to and from the lungs.**

    **Next is a review of information about the lower respiratory tract.**

    **The trachea is a tube about 11 cm (or 4.5 in) long and 2.5 cm (or 1 in) in diameter.**

    **It extends from the larynx into the thoracic cavity.**

    **C-shaped rings of cartilage hold the trachea open, but allow for swallowing.**

    **The trachea functions as a passageway for air to move to and from the lungs.**

    **Blockage of the trachea occludes the airway and, if complete, causes death in minutes.**

    **In fact, tracheal obstruction causes more than 74000 deaths annually in the United States.**

    **The bronchial tree is the next structure in the lower respiratory tract.**

    **The trachea branches into right and left bronchi.**

    **Each bronchus branches into smaller and smaller tubes, eventually leading to bronchioles.**

    **Bronchioles end in clusters of microscopic alveolar sacs, the walls of which are made up of alveoli.**

    **The function of the bronchial tree is air distribution; it serves as a passageway for air to move to and from alveoli.**

    **The function of alveoli is the exchange of gases between air and blood.**

    **The respiratory membrane is the thin wall that separates pulmonary blood from alveolar air, allowing diffusion of gases.**

    ****Surfactant is a substance released into alveoli to reduce surface tension and thus prevent collapse of the alveoli.****

    **The lungs are large enough to fill the chest cavity, except for the middle space (the mediastinum) occupied by the heart, large blood vessels, thymus, and esophagus.**

    **The apex of the lung is the narrow upper part, situated under the collarbone.**

    **The base is the broad lower part of each lung; it rests on the diaphragm.**

    **The pleura is the moist, smooth, slippery membrane that lines the chest cavity (the parietal pleura) and covers the outer surface of the lungs (the visceral pleura); The pleura reduces friction between the lungs and chest wall during breathing.**

    **The function of lungs is respiration.**

    **Next, we’ll review respiration and pulmonary ventilation.**

    **Respiration involves several processes and mechanisms.**

    **External respiration is pulmonary ventilation (or breathing) and pulmonary gas exchange.**

    **These gases are transported by the blood and serve a function in the regulation of set point levels of blood gases.**

    **Internal respiration is the gas exchange between the blood and systemic tissues. The term cellular respiration refers to the use of oxygen by cells in the process of metabolism.**

    **To understand pulmonary ventilation, first you need to know the basic principles of the mechanics of breathing.**

    **Pulmonary ventilation includes two phases called**
    **_inspiration_ (movement of air into lungs) and**
    **_expiration_ (movement of air out of lungs).**

    **Changes in the size and shape of the thorax cause changes in air pressure within that cavity and in the lungs.**

    **Pressure differences (or gradients) cause air to move into and out of the lungs.**

    **Inspiration is the active process whereby air moves into the lungs.**

    **Inspiratory muscles include the diaphragm and external intercostals.**

    **The diaphragm flattens when stimulated by the phrenic nerve during inspiration, which increases the top-to-bottom length of the thorax.**

    **The external intercostal muscles contract and elevate the ribs, which increases the size of the thorax from the front to the back and from side to side.**

    **Increase in the size of the chest cavity reduces pressure within it; air then enters the lungs by moving down its pressure gradient.**

    **Quiet expiration is ordinarily a passive process.**

    **During expiration, the thorax returns to its resting size and shape.**

    **Elastic recoil of lung tissues aids in expiration.**

    **Expiratory muscles used in forceful expiration are the internal intercostals and abdominal muscles.**

    **Contraction of the internal intercostals depresses the rib cage and decreases the size of the thorax from the front to back.**

    **Contraction of abdominal muscles elevates the diaphragm, thus decreasing the size of the thoracic cavity from the top to bottom.**

    **Reduction in the size of the thoracic cavity increases its pressure and air leaves the lungs.**

    **Pulmonary volumes are volumes of air exchanged in breathing; they can be measured with a spirometer.**

    **Tidal volume is the amount normally breathed in or out with each breath.**

    **Vital capacity is the greatest amount of air that one can breathe out in one expiration.**

    **Expiratory reserve volume is the amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled after expiring the tidal volume.**

    **Inspiratory reserve volume is the amount of air that can be forcibly inhaled after a normal inspiration.**

    **Residual volume is the air that remains in the lungs after the most forceful expiration.**

    **Regulation of respiration permits the body to adjust to varying demands for oxygen supply and carbon dioxide removal by maintaining set point concentrations of blood gases.**

    **Several mechanisms control respiration: the brainstem, cerebral cortex, and respiratory reflexes.**

    **The most important central regulatory centers in both the medulla and pons in the brainstem are called**
    **_respiratory control centers._**

    **_Under resting conditions, the medullary rhythmicity area produces a normal rate and depth of respirations. A normal rate is considered to be 12 to 18 breaths/min._**
    **_As conditions in the body vary, centers in the pons called the pontine respiratory group, can alter the activity of the medullary rhythmicity area, thus adjusting breathing rhythm._**

    **_Brainstem centers are influenced by information from other parts of the brain and from sensory receptors located in other body regions._**

    **_Control of respiratory activity by the cerebral cortex is voluntary but limited._**

    **_Respiratory reflexes include chemoreflexes and pulmonary stretch reflexes._**

    **_In chemoreflexes, chemoreceptors respond to changes in carbon dioxide, oxygen, and blood acid levels; these receptors are located in carotid and aortic bodies._**

    **_Pulmonary stretch reflexes respond to the stretch receptors in lungs, thus protecting respiratory organs from overinflation._**

    **_Be sure you understand the following terms for breathing patterns:_**

    **_Eupnea is normal breathing._**

    **_Hyperventilation means rapid and deep respirations._**

    **_Hypoventilation indicates slow and shallow respirations._**

    **_Dyspnea is labored or difficult respirations._**

    **_Apnea is stopped respiration, absence of breathing._**

    **_Respiratory arrest is the failure to resume breathing after a period of apnea._**

    **_Cheyne-Stokes respiration are cycles of alternating apnea and hyperventilation associated with critical conditions._**

    **_Gas exchange and transport is the final section to review in Chapter 15._**

    **_Pulmonary gas exchange is the exchange of gases in the lungs. The following steps take place in pulmonary gas exchange._**

    **_Carbaminohemoglobin breaks down into carbon dioxide and hemoglobin._**

    **_Carbon dioxide moves out of lung capillary blood into alveolar air and out of the body into expired air._**

    **_Oxygen moves from alveoli into the lung capillaries._**

    **_Hemoglobin combines with oxygen, producing oxyhemoglobin._**

    **_Systemic gas exchange is the exchange of gases in tissues. The following steps take place in systemic gas exchange._**

    **_Oxyhemoglobin breaks down into oxygen and hemoglobin._**

    **_Oxygen moves out of tissue capillary blood into tissue cells._**

    **_Carbon dioxide moves from tissue cells into tissue capillary blood._**

    **_Hemoglobin combines with carbon dioxide, forming carbaminohemoglobin._**

    **_Blood transportation of gases includes transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide._**

    **_Only small amounts of oxygen gas can be dissolved in blood. Most oxygen combines with hemoglobin to form oxyhemoglobin to be carried in the blood._**

    **_Dissolved carbon dioxide is about 10% of the total carbon dioxide transported in the blood._**

    **_Carbaminohemoglobin is about 20%._**

    **_About 70% of the total carbon dioxide transported in the blood is carried in the form of bicarbonate ions._**

    **_This concludes the audio review of chapter 15._**

    **20260321_000027.jpg**

    This file is too large to display. [View in new window](https://www.sweetstudy.com/files/20260321-000027-jpg)

    **20260321_000027.jpg**

    This file is too large to display. [View in new window](https://www.sweetstudy.com/files/20260321-000027-jpg)

    **## Chapter_015.rtf**

    15-4

    Audio Chapter Summaries

    Copyright © 2025 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.

    Copyright © 2025 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.

    **Patton: Structure & Function of the Body, 17th Edition**

    **Chapter 15: Respiratory System**

    ****Audio Chapter Summaries****

    ****Welcome to the audio review of Chapter 15: Respiratory System.****

    **First, we’ll review the organization of the respiratory system.**

    **A 3-dimensional visual of the respiratory system would be similar to an inverted tree if it were hollow; branches would be the bronchi, and leaves of the tree would be comparable to alveoli, with the microscopic sacs enclosed by networks of capillaries.**

    **The passive transport process of diffusion is responsible for the exchange of gases that occurs during respiration.**

    **The respiratory tract is divided into upper and lower portions.**

    **The upper respiratory tract includes the nose, pharynx, and larynx.**

    **The lower respiratory tract contains the trachea, bronchial tree, alveoli, and lungs.**

    **The respiratory mucosa is a specialized membrane that lines the air distribution tubes in the respiratory tree. Three types of epithelium are present in the respiratory mucosa:**

    **Ciliated pseudostratified epithelium lines most of the tract and produces mucus.**

    **Stratified squamous epithelium lines the nostrils, vocal folds, and pharynx; it serves a protective function.**

    **Simple squamous epithelium lines the alveoli and facilitates gas exchange.**

    **The respiratory mucosa serves several functions:**

    **More than 125 mL of mucus is produced each day. It forms a “mucous blanket” over much of the respiratory mucosa.**

    **Mucus serves as an air purification mechanism by trapping inspired irritants such as dust and pollen.**

    **The respiratory mucosa also supports what could be called the ciliary escalator; cilia on mucosal cells beat in only one direction, moving mucus upward to the pharynx for removal.**

    **Now we’ll review some specifics about the upper respiratory tract.**

    **A nasal septum separates the interior of the nose into two cavities, called nares or nostrils.**

    **Frontal, maxillary, sphenoidal, and ethmoidal sinuses of the skull drain into the nose.**

    **Three shelflike structures in the nasal cavity called conchae or turbinates warms and moistens inhaled air. The nose also houses the sense organs of smell.**

    **The pharynx or throat is about 12.5 cm (or 5 inches) long. It is divided into the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and the laryngopharynx.**

    **The two nasal cavities, mouth, esophagus, larynx, and auditory tubes all have openings into the pharynx.**

    **Pharyngeal tonsils and the openings of auditory tubes open into the nasopharynx. The tonsils are found in the oropharynx.**

    **The pharynx functions as a passageway for food and liquids, as well as a passageway for air.**

    **Nine pieces of cartilage form the framework of the last structure of the upper respiratory tract, the larynx.**

    **The thyroid cartilage (also called the Adam’s apple) is the largest.**

    **Note that the epiglottis partially covers the opening into the larynx.**

    **Vocal cords stretch across the interior of the larynx.**

    **Thus, one of the larynx’s functions is voice production. The other is air distribution; like the pharynx, it serves as a passageway for air to move to and from the lungs.**

    **Next is a review of information about the lower respiratory tract.**

    **The trachea is a tube about 11 cm (or 4.5 in) long and 2.5 cm (or 1 in) in diameter.**

    **It extends from the larynx into the thoracic cavity.**

    **C-shaped rings of cartilage hold the trachea open, but allow for swallowing.**

    **The trachea functions as a passageway for air to move to and from the lungs.**

    **Blockage of the trachea occludes the airway and, if complete, causes death in minutes.**

    **In fact, tracheal obstruction causes more than 74000 deaths annually in the United States.**

    **The bronchial tree is the next structure in the lower respiratory tract.**

    **The trachea branches into right and left bronchi.**

    **Each bronchus branches into smaller and smaller tubes, eventually leading to bronchioles.**

    **Bronchioles end in clusters of microscopic alveolar sacs, the walls of which are made up of alveoli.**

    **The function of the bronchial tree is air distribution; it serves as a passageway for air to move to and from alveoli.**

    **The function of alveoli is the exchange of gases between air and blood.**

    **The respiratory membrane is the thin wall that separates pulmonary blood from alveolar air, allowing diffusion of gases.**

    ****Surfactant is a substance released into alveoli to reduce surface tension and thus prevent collapse of the alveoli.****

    **The lungs are large enough to fill the chest cavity, except for the middle space (the mediastinum) occupied by the heart, large blood vessels, thymus, and esophagus.**

    **The apex of the lung is the narrow upper part, situated under the collarbone.**

    **The base is the broad lower part of each lung; it rests on the diaphragm.**

    **The pleura is the moist, smooth, slippery membrane that lines the chest cavity (the parietal pleura) and covers the outer surface of the lungs (the visceral pleura); The pleura reduces friction between the lungs and chest wall during breathing.**

    **The function of lungs is respiration.**

    **Next, we’ll review respiration and pulmonary ventilation.**

    **Respiration involves several processes and mechanisms.**

    **External respiration is pulmonary ventilation (or breathing) and pulmonary gas exchange.**

    **These gases are transported by the blood and serve a function in the regulation of set point levels of blood gases.**

    **Internal respiration is the gas exchange between the blood and systemic tissues. The term cellular respiration refers to the use of oxygen by cells in the process of metabolism.**

    **To understand pulmonary ventilation, first you need to know the basic principles of the mechanics of breathing.**

    **Pulmonary ventilation includes two phases called**
    **_inspiration_ (movement of air into lungs) and**
    **_expiration_ (movement of air out of lungs).**

    **Changes in the size and shape of the thorax cause changes in air pressure within that cavity and in the lungs.**

    **Pressure differences (or gradients) cause air to move into and out of the lungs.**

    **Inspiration is the active process whereby air moves into the lungs.**

    **Inspiratory muscles include the diaphragm and external intercostals.**

    **The diaphragm flattens when stimulated by the phrenic nerve during inspiration, which increases the top-to-bottom length of the thorax.**

    **The external intercostal muscles contract and elevate the ribs, which increases the size of the thorax from the front to the back and from side to side.**

    **Increase in the size of the chest cavity reduces pressure within it; air then enters the lungs by moving down its pressure gradient.**

    **Quiet expiration is ordinarily a passive process.**

    **During expiration, the thorax returns to its resting size and shape.**

    **Elastic recoil of lung tissues aids in expiration.**

    **Expiratory muscles used in forceful expiration are the internal intercostals and abdominal muscles.**

    **Contraction of the internal intercostals depresses the rib cage and decreases the size of the thorax from the front to back.**

    **Contraction of abdominal muscles elevates the diaphragm, thus decreasing the size of the thoracic cavity from the top to bottom.**

    **Reduction in the size of the thoracic cavity increases its pressure and air leaves the lungs.**

    **Pulmonary volumes are volumes of air exchanged in breathing; they can be measured with a spirometer.**

    **Tidal volume is the amount normally breathed in or out with each breath.**

    **Vital capacity is the greatest amount of air that one can breathe out in one expiration.**

    **Expiratory reserve volume is the amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled after expiring the tidal volume.**

    **Inspiratory reserve volume is the amount of air that can be forcibly inhaled after a normal inspiration.**

    **Residual volume is the air that remains in the lungs after the most forceful expiration.**

    **Regulation of respiration permits the body to adjust to varying demands for oxygen supply and carbon dioxide removal by maintaining set point concentrations of blood gases.**

    **Several mechanisms control respiration: the brainstem, cerebral cortex, and respiratory reflexes.**

    **The most important central regulatory centers in both the medulla and pons in the brainstem are called**
    **_respiratory control centers._**

    **_Under resting conditions, the medullary rhythmicity area produces a normal rate and depth of respirations. A normal rate is considered to be 12 to 18 breaths/min._**
    **_As conditions in the body vary, centers in the pons called the pontine respiratory group, can alter the activity of the medullary rhythmicity area, thus adjusting breathing rhythm._**

    **_Brainstem centers are influenced by information from other parts of the brain and from sensory receptors located in other body regions._**

    **_Control of respiratory activity by the cerebral cortex is voluntary but limited._**

    **_Respiratory reflexes include chemoreflexes and pulmonary stretch reflexes._**

    **_In chemoreflexes, chemoreceptors respond to changes in carbon dioxide, oxygen, and blood acid levels; these receptors are located in carotid and aortic bodies._**

    **_Pulmonary stretch reflexes respond to the stretch receptors in lungs, thus protecting respiratory organs from overinflation._**

    **_Be sure you understand the following terms for breathing patterns:_**

    **_Eupnea is normal breathing._**

    **_Hyperventilation means rapid and deep respirations._**

    **_Hypoventilation indicates slow and shallow respirations._**

    **_Dyspnea is labored or difficult respirations._**

    **_Apnea is stopped respiration, absence of breathing._**

    **_Respiratory arrest is the failure to resume breathing after a period of apnea._**

    **_Cheyne-Stokes respiration are cycles of alternating apnea and hyperventilation associated with critical conditions._**

    **_Gas exchange and transport is the final section to review in Chapter 15._**

    **_Pulmonary gas exchange is the exchange of gases in the lungs. The following steps take place in pulmonary gas exchange._**

    **_Carbaminohemoglobin breaks down into carbon dioxide and hemoglobin._**

    **_Carbon dioxide moves out of lung capillary blood into alveolar air and out of the body into expired air._**

    **_Oxygen moves from alveoli into the lung capillaries._**

    **_Hemoglobin combines with oxygen, producing oxyhemoglobin._**

    **_Systemic gas exchange is the exchange of gases in tissues. The following steps take place in systemic gas exchange._**

    **_Oxyhemoglobin breaks down into oxygen and hemoglobin._**

    **_Oxygen moves out of tissue capillary blood into tissue cells._**

    **_Carbon dioxide moves from tissue cells into tissue capillary blood._**

    **_Hemoglobin combines with carbon dioxide, forming carbaminohemoglobin._**

    **_Blood transportation of gases includes transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide._**

    **_Only small amounts of oxygen gas can be dissolved in blood. Most oxygen combines with hemoglobin to form oxyhemoglobin to be carried in the blood._**

    **_Dissolved carbon dioxide is about 10% of the total carbon dioxide transported in the blood._**

    **_Carbaminohemoglobin is about 20%._**

    **_About 70% of the total carbon dioxide transported in the blood is carried in the form of bicarbonate ions._**

    **_This concludes the audio review of chapter 15._**

    **20260321_000027.jpg**

    This file is too large to display. [View in new window](https://www.sweetstudy.com/files/20260321-000027-jpg)

    **## Chapter_015.rtf**

    15-4

    Audio Chapter Summaries

    Copyright © 2025 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.

    Copyright © 2025 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.

    **Patton: Structure & Function of the Body, 17th Edition**

    **Chapter 15: Respiratory System**

    ****Audio Chapter Summaries****

    ****Welcome to the audio review of Chapter 15: Respiratory System.****

    **First, we’ll review the organization of the respiratory system.**

    **A 3-dimensional visual of the respiratory system would be similar to an inverted tree if it were hollow; branches would be the bronchi, and leaves of the tree would be comparable to alveoli, with the microscopic sacs enclosed by networks of capillaries.**

    **The passive transport process of diffusion is responsible for the exchange of gases that occurs during respiration.**

    **The respiratory tract is divided into upper and lower portions.**

    **The upper respiratory tract includes the nose, pharynx, and larynx.**

    **The lower respiratory tract contains the trachea, bronchial tree, alveoli, and lungs.**

    **The respiratory mucosa is a specialized membrane that lines the air distribution tubes in the respiratory tree. Three types of epithelium are present in the respiratory mucosa:**

    **Ciliated pseudostratified epithelium lines most of the tract and produces mucus.**

    **Stratified squamous epithelium lines the nostrils, vocal folds, and pharynx; it serves a protective function.**

    **Simple squamous epithelium lines the alveoli and facilitates gas exchange.**

    **The respiratory mucosa serves several functions:**

    **More than 125 mL of mucus is produced each day. It forms a “mucous blanket” over much of the respiratory mucosa.**

    **Mucus serves as an air purification mechanism by trapping inspired irritants such as dust and pollen.**

    **The respiratory mucosa also supports what could be called the ciliary escalator; cilia on mucosal cells beat in only one direction, moving mucus upward to the pharynx for removal.**

    **Now we’ll review some specifics about the upper respiratory tract.**

    **A nasal septum separates the interior of the nose into two cavities, called nares or nostrils.**

    **Frontal, maxillary, sphenoidal, and ethmoidal sinuses of the skull drain into the nose.**

    **Three shelflike structures in the nasal cavity called conchae or turbinates warms and moistens inhaled air. The nose also houses the sense organs of smell.**

    **The pharynx or throat is about 12.5 cm (or 5 inches) long. It is divided into the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and the laryngopharynx.**

    **The two nasal cavities, mouth, esophagus, larynx, and auditory tubes all have openings into the pharynx.**

    **Pharyngeal tonsils and the openings of auditory tubes open into the nasopharynx. The tonsils are found in the oropharynx.**

    **The pharynx functions as a passageway for food and liquids, as well as a passageway for air.**

    **Nine pieces of cartilage form the framework of the last structure of the upper respiratory tract, the larynx.**

    **The thyroid cartilage (also called the Adam’s apple) is the largest.**

    **Note that the epiglottis partially covers the opening into the larynx.**

    **Vocal cords stretch across the interior of the larynx.**

    **Thus, one of the larynx’s functions is voice production. The other is air distribution; like the pharynx, it serves as a passageway for air to move to and from the lungs.**

    **Next is a review of information about the lower respiratory tract.**

    **The trachea is a tube about 11 cm (or 4.5 in) long and 2.5 cm (or 1 in) in diameter.**

    **It extends from the larynx into the thoracic cavity.**

    **C-shaped rings of cartilage hold the trachea open, but allow for swallowing.**

    **The trachea functions as a passageway for air to move to and from the lungs.**

    **Blockage of the trachea occludes the airway and, if complete, causes death in minutes.**

    **In fact, tracheal obstruction causes more than 74000 deaths annually in the United States.**

    **The bronchial tree is the next structure in the lower respiratory tract.**

    **The trachea branches into right and left bronchi.**

    **Each bronchus branches into smaller and smaller tubes, eventually leading to bronchioles.**

    **Bronchioles end in clusters of microscopic alveolar sacs, the walls of which are made up of alveoli.**

    **The function of the bronchial tree is air distribution; it serves as a passageway for air to move to and from alveoli.**

    **The function of alveoli is the exchange of gases between air and blood.**

    **The respiratory membrane is the thin wall that separates pulmonary blood from alveolar air, allowing diffusion of gases.**

    ****Surfactant is a substance released into alveoli to reduce surface tension and thus prevent collapse of the alveoli.****

    **The lungs are large enough to fill the chest cavity, except for the middle space (the mediastinum) occupied by the heart, large blood vessels, thymus, and esophagus.**

    **The apex of the lung is the narrow upper part, situated under the collarbone.**

    **The base is the broad lower part of each lung; it rests on the diaphragm.**

    **The pleura is the moist, smooth, slippery membrane that lines the chest cavity (the parietal pleura) and covers the outer surface of the lungs (the visceral pleura); The pleura reduces friction between the lungs and chest wall during breathing.**

    **The function of lungs is respiration.**

    **Next, we’ll review respiration and pulmonary ventilation.**

    **Respiration involves several processes and mechanisms.**

    **External respiration is pulmonary ventilation (or breathing) and pulmonary gas exchange.**

    **These gases are transported by the blood and serve a function in the regulation of set point levels of blood gases.**

    **Internal respiration is the gas exchange between the blood and systemic tissues. The term cellular respiration refers to the use of oxygen by cells in the process of metabolism.**

    **To understand pulmonary ventilation, first you need to know the basic principles of the mechanics of breathing.**

    **Pulmonary ventilation includes two phases called**
    **_inspiration_ (movement of air into lungs) and**
    **_expiration_ (movement of air out of lungs).**

    **Changes in the size and shape of the thorax cause changes in air pressure within that cavity and in the lungs.**

    **Pressure differences (or gradients) cause air to move into and out of the lungs.**

    **Inspiration is the active process whereby air moves into the lungs.**

    **Inspiratory muscles include the diaphragm and external intercostals.**

    **The diaphragm flattens when stimulated by the phrenic nerve during inspiration, which increases the top-to-bottom length of the thorax.**

    **The external intercostal muscles contract and elevate the ribs, which increases the size of the thorax from the front to the back and from side to side.**

    **Increase in the size of the chest cavity reduces pressure within it; air then enters the lungs by moving down its pressure gradient.**

    **Quiet expiration is ordinarily a passive process.**

    **During expiration, the thorax returns to its resting size and shape.**

    **Elastic recoil of lung tissues aids in expiration.**

    **Expiratory muscles used in forceful expiration are the internal intercostals and abdominal muscles.**

    **Contraction of the internal intercostals depresses the rib cage and decreases the size of the thorax from the front to back.**

    **Contraction of abdominal muscles elevates the diaphragm, thus decreasing the size of the thoracic cavity from the top to bottom.**

    **Reduction in the size of the thoracic cavity increases its pressure and air leaves the lungs.**

    **Pulmonary volumes are volumes of air exchanged in breathing; they can be measured with a spirometer.**

    **Tidal volume is the amount normally breathed in or out with each breath.**

    **Vital capacity is the greatest amount of air that one can breathe out in one expiration.**

    **Expiratory reserve volume is the amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled after expiring the tidal volume.**

    **Inspiratory reserve volume is the amount of air that can be forcibly inhaled after a normal inspiration.**

    **Residual volume is the air that remains in the lungs after the most forceful expiration.**

    **Regulation of respiration permits the body to adjust to varying demands for oxygen supply and carbon dioxide removal by maintaining set point concentrations of blood gases.**

    **Several mechanisms control respiration: the brainstem, cerebral cortex, and respiratory reflexes.**

    **The most important central regulatory centers in both the medulla and pons in the brainstem are called**
    **_respiratory control centers._**

    **_Under resting conditions, the medullary rhythmicity area produces a normal rate and depth of respirations. A normal rate is considered to be 12 to 18 breaths/min._**
    **_As conditions in the body vary, centers in the pons called the pontine respiratory group, can alter the activity of the medullary rhythmicity area, thus adjusting breathing rhythm._**

    **_Brainstem centers are influenced by information from other parts of the brain and from sensory receptors located in other body regions._**

    **_Control of respiratory activity by the cerebral cortex is voluntary but limited._**

    **_Respiratory reflexes include chemoreflexes and pulmonary stretch reflexes._**

    **_In chemoreflexes, chemoreceptors respond to changes in carbon dioxide, oxygen, and blood acid levels; these receptors are located in carotid and aortic bodies._**

    **_Pulmonary stretch reflexes respond to the stretch receptors in lungs, thus protecting respiratory organs from overinflation._**

    **_Be sure you understand the following terms for breathing patterns:_**

    **_Eupnea is normal breathing._**

    **_Hyperventilation means rapid and deep respirations._**

    **_Hypoventilation indicates slow and shallow respirations._**

    **_Dyspnea is labored or difficult respirations._**

    **_Apnea is stopped respiration, absence of breathing._**

    **_Respiratory arrest is the failure to resume breathing after a period of apnea._**

    **_Cheyne-Stokes respiration are cycles of alternating apnea and hyperventilation associated with critical conditions._**

    **_Gas exchange and transport is the final section to review in Chapter 15._**

    **_Pulmonary gas exchange is the exchange of gases in the lungs. The following steps take place in pulmonary gas exchange._**

    **_Carbaminohemoglobin breaks down into carbon dioxide and hemoglobin._**

    **_Carbon dioxide moves out of lung capillary blood into alveolar air and out of the body into expired air._**

    **_Oxygen moves from alveoli into the lung capillaries._**

    **_Hemoglobin combines with oxygen, producing oxyhemoglobin._**

    **_Systemic gas exchange is the exchange of gases in tissues. The following steps take place in systemic gas exchange._**

    **_Oxyhemoglobin breaks down into oxygen and hemoglobin._**

    **_Oxygen moves out of tissue capillary blood into tissue cells._**

    **_Carbon dioxide moves from tissue cells into tissue capillary blood._**

    **_Hemoglobin combines with carbon dioxide, forming carbaminohemoglobin._**

    **_Blood transportation of gases includes transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide._**

    **_Only small amounts of oxygen gas can be dissolved in blood. Most oxygen combines with hemoglobin to form oxyhemoglobin to be carried in the blood._**

    **_Dissolved carbon dioxide is about 10% of the total carbon dioxide transported in the blood._**

    **_Carbaminohemoglobin is about 20%._**

    **_About 70% of the total carbon dioxide transported in the blood is carried in the form of bicarbonate ions._**

    **_This concludes the audio review of chapter 15._**

    **20260321_000027.jpg**

    This file is too large to display. [View in new window](https://www.sweetstudy.com/files/20260321-000027-jpg)

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