Tag: Model Answer

Assignment Prompt & Instructions

see attached.

**files (2)**

– ## I.docx

– ## UnitI.pdf

**## I.docx**

You work for a political research think tank. The job pays well, and you believe you were correct with your decision to take the job. Your organization has just received a large multimillion-dollar fee to conduct political research on a well-known public figure. You have been told to gather forensic evidence in the form of dirt from several digital resources that belonged to this well-known individual. The client is paying for the research for the sole purpose of destroying the individual's political career and reputation. Your instructions specify that you are not to vet or validate any of the evidence, just gather as much dirt as you can from what you have been given. You know that your findings will have far-reaching implications, regardless if the data is true or false. What are your thoughts on having to perform this type of forensic work? Would you do it? Why, or why not?

**## UnitI.pdf**

FRN 4302, Digital Forensics Applications 1

Course Learning Outcomes for Unit I

Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to:

1. Assemble an investigation process plan related to digital data.
1.1 Explain the skills, training, and education required to become a computer forensics

investigator.

3. Investigate digital forensics within virtual machines.
3.1 Explain the importance of computer forensics.
3.2 Describe the reasons for the increasing demand in computer forensic examiners.
3.3 Present statistics related to the growth of cybercrime.

Required Unit Resources

Chapter 1: The Scope of Digital Forensics

Unit Lesson

Types of Internet Crimes

In this lesson, you will learn about the various types of internet crimes. This unit is designed to create a robust
foundation of skills and knowledge around computer crimes and forensic investigations. You will learn about
crimes on the internet that require the skills of network forensic investigators. You will also learn more about
different types of network evidence that would be helpful in a digital forensic investigation. Let’s begin by
discussing internet crime. Internet crime is any illegal activity that utilizes the internet for its perpetration
(Techopedia, n.d.). There are five different types of internet crime we will explore in this lesson:

• phishing,
• hacking,
• virus dissemination,
• logic bombs, and
• denial-of-service attack.

Phishing

Phishing is a method used by offenders to extract confidential information (e.g., username-password
combinations and credit card numbers) of an internet user through masquerading as a legitimate enterprise.
In most cases, this internet crime is conducted using email spoofing. The user receives an email with links to
existing legitimate companies that appear on websites. Also, malware could install itself on a computer device
and confiscate personal information. In most cases, internet criminal offenders primarily utilize social
engineering to trick some internet users in downloading malware from the internet or in other ways, and users
fill in private information under false pretenses (Fruhlinger, 2019). Users should look for spelling mistakes
given that internet criminal offenders are not known for their spelling and grammar. Users should examine any
graphics, logos, and names differences from well-known, legitimate sites.

Hacking

Hacking is the result of someone attempting to gain unauthorized access to a network or a computer on the
network. One type of network evidence that signifies hacking and would be helpful in the digital forensic

UNIT I STUDY GUIDE
Introduction to Computer Forensics

FRN 4302, Digital Forensics Applications 2

UNIT x STUDY GUIDE
Title

investigation is structured query language (SQL) injection. The digital forensic investigators assess the SQL
code entered into the site from the entry field (Digit, n.d.).

The theft of file transfer protocol (FTP) passwords, another common technique to tamper with a website, is
also investigated by forensic investigators. FTP password theft preys on passwords saved or stored on
systems that are not well-protected (Digit, n.d.). Forensic investigators’ skills are also applied to detect cross-
site scripting activities. Cross-site scripting is also known as XSS and is another way of circumventing a
secure system (Digit, n.d.).

Virus Dissemination

Internet criminal offenders also use viruses to attack their victims. A virus is a computer program designed to
have an adverse effect on a computer system or some internal aspect of that system. If an infected computer
is on a network, then the virus will use that network to spread to other computers (Maras, 2016). Viruses are
used in internet crimes to disrupt operations, alter data, or delete files, among other things (Maras, 2016).

Worms

Worms are different from viruses in that they do not require a host. Worms repeatedly replicate themselves
until they have used up all available memory (Fraud Fighting, n.d.). Viruses spread through a network,
including the internet, or using removable media devices.

Internet Logic Bomb Threats

Logic bombs, or slag codes, are malicious codes that are intentionally placed in a computer program or
software with the intention of executing malicious activity (Fisher, 2019). The trigger for a logic bomb is a
specific event or action and, in this way, it is like a virus (Fisher, 2019). Triggers can include specific times,
input thresholds, or a host of other routine actions.

Denial-of-Service Attacks (DoS)

A DoS is an attempt to deny the use of specific services to users. DoS attacks involve flooding the attacked
system with requests that exceed the system’s ability to cope (Digit, n.d.). In such attacks, servers can slow
down or crash, thus denying users access to the service. Another method of inflicting a DoS attack is by
directing more traffic to the site than it can cope with (Cloudflare, n.d.). In this case, a website will become
unresponsive and time out, again, denying users the service.

An adaptation of the DoS is the distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attack. Here, attacks are spread across
multiple geographical locations and have the same purpose as a DoS (Cloudflare, n.d.). DDoS attacks have
been targeted against multinational companies, such as banks, online payment gateways, news corporations,
and internet giants like Amazon and eBay.

Digital/Network Evidence for Digital Forensic Investigations

Digital forensics follows the same first principles as actual forensics: transfer of objects to surfaces through
contact. In digital crimes, evidence can be left behind just as in physical crimes. Digital evidence includes a
digital footprint, information of time, date, and duration of a user’s activity. This can lead to certain
assumptions being made as to the identity of a user (United Nations Office of Drugs and Crime [UNODC],
n.d.).

A digital footprint can be active or passive. An active footprint is information provided by a user that could
reveal personal details, online comments, or social media activity that was intentionally left by the user.
Passive footprints are made of information that was not intended to be left (UNODC, n.d.). Both active and
passive digital footprints can be submitted as evidence of a crime.

Digital evidence can be submitted as either direct evidence or circumstantial evidence. Before it is submitted
to the court, it must be authenticated by a forensic investigator who will prove the evidence to be what is
claimed of it or not (UNODC, n.d.). Digital evidence falls into three categories:

FRN 4302, Digital Forensics Applications 3

UNIT x STUDY GUIDE
Title

• content generated by the user (e.g., emails, text messages, electronic documents);
• content generated by a device (e.g., data logs); or
• content generated by the user and device (e.g., a spreadsheet that contains a formula) (UNODC,

n.d.).

Data or information may be gathered and used by digital forensic investigators to obtain intelligence, which
can be introduced in a court of law as digital/network evidence (UNODC, n.d.).

Summary

In this lesson, you learned about internet crimes. Some of the well-known types of internet crimes include
hacking, phishing, logic bomb attacks, virus dissemination, denial-of-service (DoS) attacks, and spoofing,
among others. These are some types of crimes conducted on the internet that would require the skills of a
network forensic investigator. In this lesson, you also gathered details about types of network evidence that
may be helpful in a digital forensics investigation. Digital evidence, either direct or circumstantial, is
categorized into three groups: user-generated content, digital devices’ generated content, and content
created by both computer devices and users.

Computer and internet crimes are increasing all over the world. As the U.S. government works to fight and
combat these internet crimes, most nations are experiencing increased cybercriminal activity. It is crucial for
anyone working in the IT field to understand the concept of internet crime. Security professionals, such as
forensic investigators, work to combat these crimes using different preventative technologies that will be
covered in this course.

References

CloudFlare. (n.d.). What is a DDoS attack? https://www.cloudflare.com/learning/ddos/what-is-a-ddos-attack/

Digit. (n.d.). The 12 types of cyber crime. https://www.digit.in/technology-guides/fasttrack-to-cyber-crime/the-

12-types-of-cyber-crime.html

Fisher, T. (2020). What is a logic bomb? Lifewire. https://www.lifewire.com/what-is-a-logic-bomb-153072

Fraud Fighting. (n.d.). Virus dissemination. https://fraudfighting.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/Virus-

Dissemination.pdf

Fruhlinger, J. (2020). What is phishing? How this cyber attack works and how to prevent it. CSO.

https://www.csoonline.com/article/2117843/what-is-phishing-how-this-cyber-attack-works-and-how-to-
prevent-it.html

Maras, M. (2016). Cybercriminology. Oxford University Press.

Techopedia. (n.d.). Internet crime. https://www.techopedia.com/definition/26587/Internet-crime

United Nations Office of Drugs and Crime. (n.d.). Digital evidence.

https://www.unodc.org/e4j/en/cybercrime/module-4/key-issues/digital-evidence.html

– Course Learning Outcomes for Unit I
– Required Unit Resources
– Unit Lesson
– Types of Internet Crimes

– Phishing
– Hacking
– Virus Dissemination
– Worms
– Internet Logic Bomb Threats
– Denial-of-Service Attacks (DoS)

– Digital/Network Evidence for Digital Forensic Investigations
– Summary
– References

**## UnitI.pdf**

FRN 4302, Digital Forensics Applications 1

Course Learning Outcomes for Unit I

Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to:

1. Assemble an investigation process plan related to digital data.
1.1 Explain the skills, training, and education required to become a computer forensics

investigator.

3. Investigate digital forensics within virtual machines.
3.1 Explain the importance of computer forensics.
3.2 Describe the reasons for the increasing demand in computer forensic examiners.
3.3 Present statistics related to the growth of cybercrime.

Required Unit Resources

Chapter 1: The Scope of Digital Forensics

Unit Lesson

Types of Internet Crimes

In this lesson, you will learn about the various types of internet crimes. This unit is designed to create a robust
foundation of skills and knowledge around computer crimes and forensic investigations. You will learn about
crimes on the internet that require the skills of network forensic investigators. You will also learn more about
different types of network evidence that would be helpful in a digital forensic investigation. Let’s begin by
discussing internet crime. Internet crime is any illegal activity that utilizes the internet for its perpetration
(Techopedia, n.d.). There are five different types of internet crime we will explore in this lesson:

• phishing,
• hacking,
• virus dissemination,
• logic bombs, and
• denial-of-service attack.

Phishing

Phishing is a method used by offenders to extract confidential information (e.g., username-password
combinations and credit card numbers) of an internet user through masquerading as a legitimate enterprise.
In most cases, this internet crime is conducted using email spoofing. The user receives an email with links to
existing legitimate companies that appear on websites. Also, malware could install itself on a computer device
and confiscate personal information. In most cases, internet criminal offenders primarily utilize social
engineering to trick some internet users in downloading malware from the internet or in other ways, and users
fill in private information under false pretenses (Fruhlinger, 2019). Users should look for spelling mistakes
given that internet criminal offenders are not known for their spelling and grammar. Users should examine any
graphics, logos, and names differences from well-known, legitimate sites.

Hacking

Hacking is the result of someone attempting to gain unauthorized access to a network or a computer on the
network. One type of network evidence that signifies hacking and would be helpful in the digital forensic

UNIT I STUDY GUIDE
Introduction to Computer Forensics

FRN 4302, Digital Forensics Applications 2

UNIT x STUDY GUIDE
Title

investigation is structured query language (SQL) injection. The digital forensic investigators assess the SQL
code entered into the site from the entry field (Digit, n.d.).

The theft of file transfer protocol (FTP) passwords, another common technique to tamper with a website, is
also investigated by forensic investigators. FTP password theft preys on passwords saved or stored on
systems that are not well-protected (Digit, n.d.). Forensic investigators’ skills are also applied to detect cross-
site scripting activities. Cross-site scripting is also known as XSS and is another way of circumventing a
secure system (Digit, n.d.).

Virus Dissemination

Internet criminal offenders also use viruses to attack their victims. A virus is a computer program designed to
have an adverse effect on a computer system or some internal aspect of that system. If an infected computer
is on a network, then the virus will use that network to spread to other computers (Maras, 2016). Viruses are
used in internet crimes to disrupt operations, alter data, or delete files, among other things (Maras, 2016).

Worms

Worms are different from viruses in that they do not require a host. Worms repeatedly replicate themselves
until they have used up all available memory (Fraud Fighting, n.d.). Viruses spread through a network,
including the internet, or using removable media devices.

Internet Logic Bomb Threats

Logic bombs, or slag codes, are malicious codes that are intentionally placed in a computer program or
software with the intention of executing malicious activity (Fisher, 2019). The trigger for a logic bomb is a
specific event or action and, in this way, it is like a virus (Fisher, 2019). Triggers can include specific times,
input thresholds, or a host of other routine actions.

Denial-of-Service Attacks (DoS)

A DoS is an attempt to deny the use of specific services to users. DoS attacks involve flooding the attacked
system with requests that exceed the system’s ability to cope (Digit, n.d.). In such attacks, servers can slow
down or crash, thus denying users access to the service. Another method of inflicting a DoS attack is by
directing more traffic to the site than it can cope with (Cloudflare, n.d.). In this case, a website will become
unresponsive and time out, again, denying users the service.

An adaptation of the DoS is the distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attack. Here, attacks are spread across
multiple geographical locations and have the same purpose as a DoS (Cloudflare, n.d.). DDoS attacks have
been targeted against multinational companies, such as banks, online payment gateways, news corporations,
and internet giants like Amazon and eBay.

Digital/Network Evidence for Digital Forensic Investigations

Digital forensics follows the same first principles as actual forensics: transfer of objects to surfaces through
contact. In digital crimes, evidence can be left behind just as in physical crimes. Digital evidence includes a
digital footprint, information of time, date, and duration of a user’s activity. This can lead to certain
assumptions being made as to the identity of a user (United Nations Office of Drugs and Crime [UNODC],
n.d.).

A digital footprint can be active or passive. An active footprint is information provided by a user that could
reveal personal details, online comments, or social media activity that was intentionally left by the user.
Passive footprints are made of information that was not intended to be left (UNODC, n.d.). Both active and
passive digital footprints can be submitted as evidence of a crime.

Digital evidence can be submitted as either direct evidence or circumstantial evidence. Before it is submitted
to the court, it must be authenticated by a forensic investigator who will prove the evidence to be what is
claimed of it or not (UNODC, n.d.). Digital evidence falls into three categories:

FRN 4302, Digital Forensics Applications 3

UNIT x STUDY GUIDE
Title

• content generated by the user (e.g., emails, text messages, electronic documents);
• content generated by a device (e.g., data logs); or
• content generated by the user and device (e.g., a spreadsheet that contains a formula) (UNODC,

n.d.).

Data or information may be gathered and used by digital forensic investigators to obtain intelligence, which
can be introduced in a court of law as digital/network evidence (UNODC, n.d.).

Summary

In this lesson, you learned about internet crimes. Some of the well-known types of internet crimes include
hacking, phishing, logic bomb attacks, virus dissemination, denial-of-service (DoS) attacks, and spoofing,
among others. These are some types of crimes conducted on the internet that would require the skills of a
network forensic investigator. In this lesson, you also gathered details about types of network evidence that
may be helpful in a digital forensics investigation. Digital evidence, either direct or circumstantial, is
categorized into three groups: user-generated content, digital devices’ generated content, and content
created by both computer devices and users.

Computer and internet crimes are increasing all over the world. As the U.S. government works to fight and
combat these internet crimes, most nations are experiencing increased cybercriminal activity. It is crucial for
anyone working in the IT field to understand the concept of internet crime. Security professionals, such as
forensic investigators, work to combat these crimes using different preventative technologies that will be
covered in this course.

References

CloudFlare. (n.d.). What is a DDoS attack? https://www.cloudflare.com/learning/ddos/what-is-a-ddos-attack/

Digit. (n.d.). The 12 types of cyber crime. https://www.digit.in/technology-guides/fasttrack-to-cyber-crime/the-

12-types-of-cyber-crime.html

Fisher, T. (2020). What is a logic bomb? Lifewire. https://www.lifewire.com/what-is-a-logic-bomb-153072

Fraud Fighting. (n.d.). Virus dissemination. https://fraudfighting.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/Virus-

Dissemination.pdf

Fruhlinger, J. (2020). What is phishing? How this cyber attack works and how to prevent it. CSO.

https://www.csoonline.com/article/2117843/what-is-phishing-how-this-cyber-attack-works-and-how-to-
prevent-it.html

Maras, M. (2016). Cybercriminology. Oxford University Press.

Techopedia. (n.d.). Internet crime. https://www.techopedia.com/definition/26587/Internet-crime

United Nations Office of Drugs and Crime. (n.d.). Digital evidence.

https://www.unodc.org/e4j/en/cybercrime/module-4/key-issues/digital-evidence.html

– Course Learning Outcomes for Unit I
– Required Unit Resources
– Unit Lesson
– Types of Internet Crimes

– Phishing
– Hacking
– Virus Dissemination
– Worms
– Internet Logic Bomb Threats
– Denial-of-Service Attacks (DoS)

– Digital/Network Evidence for Digital Forensic Investigations
– Summary
– References

**## I.docx**

You work for a political research think tank. The job pays well, and you believe you were correct with your decision to take the job. Your organization has just received a large multimillion-dollar fee to conduct political research on a well-known public figure. You have been told to gather forensic evidence in the form of dirt from several digital resources that belonged to this well-known individual. The client is paying for the research for the sole purpose of destroying the individual's political career and reputation. Your instructions specify that you are not to vet or validate any of the evidence, just gather as much dirt as you can from what you have been given. You know that your findings will have far-reaching implications, regardless if the data is true or false. What are your thoughts on having to perform this type of forensic work? Would you do it? Why, or why not?

**## UnitI.pdf**

FRN 4302, Digital Forensics Applications 1

Course Learning Outcomes for Unit I

Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to:

1. Assemble an investigation process plan related to digital data.
1.1 Explain the skills, training, and education required to become a computer forensics

investigator.

3. Investigate digital forensics within virtual machines.
3.1 Explain the importance of computer forensics.
3.2 Describe the reasons for the increasing demand in computer forensic examiners.
3.3 Present statistics related to the growth of cybercrime.

Required Unit Resources

Chapter 1: The Scope of Digital Forensics

Unit Lesson

Types of Internet Crimes

In this lesson, you will learn about the various types of internet crimes. This unit is designed to create a robust
foundation of skills and knowledge around computer crimes and forensic investigations. You will learn about
crimes on the internet that require the skills of network forensic investigators. You will also learn more about
different types of network evidence that would be helpful in a digital forensic investigation. Let’s begin by
discussing internet crime. Internet crime is any illegal activity that utilizes the internet for its perpetration
(Techopedia, n.d.). There are five different types of internet crime we will explore in this lesson:

• phishing,
• hacking,
• virus dissemination,
• logic bombs, and
• denial-of-service attack.

Phishing

Phishing is a method used by offenders to extract confidential information (e.g., username-password
combinations and credit card numbers) of an internet user through masquerading as a legitimate enterprise.
In most cases, this internet crime is conducted using email spoofing. The user receives an email with links to
existing legitimate companies that appear on websites. Also, malware could install itself on a computer device
and confiscate personal information. In most cases, internet criminal offenders primarily utilize social
engineering to trick some internet users in downloading malware from the internet or in other ways, and users
fill in private information under false pretenses (Fruhlinger, 2019). Users should look for spelling mistakes
given that internet criminal offenders are not known for their spelling and grammar. Users should examine any
graphics, logos, and names differences from well-known, legitimate sites.

Hacking

Hacking is the result of someone attempting to gain unauthorized access to a network or a computer on the
network. One type of network evidence that signifies hacking and would be helpful in the digital forensic

UNIT I STUDY GUIDE
Introduction to Computer Forensics

FRN 4302, Digital Forensics Applications 2

UNIT x STUDY GUIDE
Title

investigation is structured query language (SQL) injection. The digital forensic investigators assess the SQL
code entered into the site from the entry field (Digit, n.d.).

The theft of file transfer protocol (FTP) passwords, another common technique to tamper with a website, is
also investigated by forensic investigators. FTP password theft preys on passwords saved or stored on
systems that are not well-protected (Digit, n.d.). Forensic investigators’ skills are also applied to detect cross-
site scripting activities. Cross-site scripting is also known as XSS and is another way of circumventing a
secure system (Digit, n.d.).

Virus Dissemination

Internet criminal offenders also use viruses to attack their victims. A virus is a computer program designed to
have an adverse effect on a computer system or some internal aspect of that system. If an infected computer
is on a network, then the virus will use that network to spread to other computers (Maras, 2016). Viruses are
used in internet crimes to disrupt operations, alter data, or delete files, among other things (Maras, 2016).

Worms

Worms are different from viruses in that they do not require a host. Worms repeatedly replicate themselves
until they have used up all available memory (Fraud Fighting, n.d.). Viruses spread through a network,
including the internet, or using removable media devices.

Internet Logic Bomb Threats

Logic bombs, or slag codes, are malicious codes that are intentionally placed in a computer program or
software with the intention of executing malicious activity (Fisher, 2019). The trigger for a logic bomb is a
specific event or action and, in this way, it is like a virus (Fisher, 2019). Triggers can include specific times,
input thresholds, or a host of other routine actions.

Denial-of-Service Attacks (DoS)

A DoS is an attempt to deny the use of specific services to users. DoS attacks involve flooding the attacked
system with requests that exceed the system’s ability to cope (Digit, n.d.). In such attacks, servers can slow
down or crash, thus denying users access to the service. Another method of inflicting a DoS attack is by
directing more traffic to the site than it can cope with (Cloudflare, n.d.). In this case, a website will become
unresponsive and time out, again, denying users the service.

An adaptation of the DoS is the distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attack. Here, attacks are spread across
multiple geographical locations and have the same purpose as a DoS (Cloudflare, n.d.). DDoS attacks have
been targeted against multinational companies, such as banks, online payment gateways, news corporations,
and internet giants like Amazon and eBay.

Digital/Network Evidence for Digital Forensic Investigations

Digital forensics follows the same first principles as actual forensics: transfer of objects to surfaces through
contact. In digital crimes, evidence can be left behind just as in physical crimes. Digital evidence includes a
digital footprint, information of time, date, and duration of a user’s activity. This can lead to certain
assumptions being made as to the identity of a user (United Nations Office of Drugs and Crime [UNODC],
n.d.).

A digital footprint can be active or passive. An active footprint is information provided by a user that could
reveal personal details, online comments, or social media activity that was intentionally left by the user.
Passive footprints are made of information that was not intended to be left (UNODC, n.d.). Both active and
passive digital footprints can be submitted as evidence of a crime.

Digital evidence can be submitted as either direct evidence or circumstantial evidence. Before it is submitted
to the court, it must be authenticated by a forensic investigator who will prove the evidence to be what is
claimed of it or not (UNODC, n.d.). Digital evidence falls into three categories:

FRN 4302, Digital Forensics Applications 3

UNIT x STUDY GUIDE
Title

• content generated by the user (e.g., emails, text messages, electronic documents);
• content generated by a device (e.g., data logs); or
• content generated by the user and device (e.g., a spreadsheet that contains a formula) (UNODC,

n.d.).

Data or information may be gathered and used by digital forensic investigators to obtain intelligence, which
can be introduced in a court of law as digital/network evidence (UNODC, n.d.).

Summary

In this lesson, you learned about internet crimes. Some of the well-known types of internet crimes include
hacking, phishing, logic bomb attacks, virus dissemination, denial-of-service (DoS) attacks, and spoofing,
among others. These are some types of crimes conducted on the internet that would require the skills of a
network forensic investigator. In this lesson, you also gathered details about types of network evidence that
may be helpful in a digital forensics investigation. Digital evidence, either direct or circumstantial, is
categorized into three groups: user-generated content, digital devices’ generated content, and content
created by both computer devices and users.

Computer and internet crimes are increasing all over the world. As the U.S. government works to fight and
combat these internet crimes, most nations are experiencing increased cybercriminal activity. It is crucial for
anyone working in the IT field to understand the concept of internet crime. Security professionals, such as
forensic investigators, work to combat these crimes using different preventative technologies that will be
covered in this course.

References

CloudFlare. (n.d.). What is a DDoS attack? https://www.cloudflare.com/learning/ddos/what-is-a-ddos-attack/

Digit. (n.d.). The 12 types of cyber crime. https://www.digit.in/technology-guides/fasttrack-to-cyber-crime/the-

12-types-of-cyber-crime.html

Fisher, T. (2020). What is a logic bomb? Lifewire. https://www.lifewire.com/what-is-a-logic-bomb-153072

Fraud Fighting. (n.d.). Virus dissemination. https://fraudfighting.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/Virus-

Dissemination.pdf

Fruhlinger, J. (2020). What is phishing? How this cyber attack works and how to prevent it. CSO.

https://www.csoonline.com/article/2117843/what-is-phishing-how-this-cyber-attack-works-and-how-to-
prevent-it.html

Maras, M. (2016). Cybercriminology. Oxford University Press.

Techopedia. (n.d.). Internet crime. https://www.techopedia.com/definition/26587/Internet-crime

United Nations Office of Drugs and Crime. (n.d.). Digital evidence.

https://www.unodc.org/e4j/en/cybercrime/module-4/key-issues/digital-evidence.html

– Course Learning Outcomes for Unit I
– Required Unit Resources
– Unit Lesson
– Types of Internet Crimes

– Phishing
– Hacking
– Virus Dissemination
– Worms
– Internet Logic Bomb Threats
– Denial-of-Service Attacks (DoS)

– Digital/Network Evidence for Digital Forensic Investigations
– Summary
– References

**## I.docx**

You work for a political research think tank. The job pays well, and you believe you were correct with your decision to take the job. Your organization has just received a large multimillion-dollar fee to conduct political research on a well-known public figure. You have been told to gather forensic evidence in the form of dirt from several digital resources that belonged to this well-known individual. The client is paying for the research for the sole purpose of destroying the individual's political career and reputation. Your instructions specify that you are not to vet or validate any of the evidence, just gather as much dirt as you can from what you have been given. You know that your findings will have far-reaching implications, regardless if the data is true or false. What are your thoughts on having to perform this type of forensic work? Would you do it? Why, or why not?

**## UnitI.pdf**

FRN 4302, Digital Forensics Applications 1

Course Learning Outcomes for Unit I

Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to:

1. Assemble an investigation process plan related to digital data.
1.1 Explain the skills, training, and education required to become a computer forensics

investigator.

3. Investigate digital forensics within virtual machines.
3.1 Explain the importance of computer forensics.
3.2 Describe the reasons for the increasing demand in computer forensic examiners.
3.3 Present statistics related to the growth of cybercrime.

Required Unit Resources

Chapter 1: The Scope of Digital Forensics

Unit Lesson

Types of Internet Crimes

In this lesson, you will learn about the various types of internet crimes. This unit is designed to create a robust
foundation of skills and knowledge around computer crimes and forensic investigations. You will learn about
crimes on the internet that require the skills of network forensic investigators. You will also learn more about
different types of network evidence that would be helpful in a digital forensic investigation. Let’s begin by
discussing internet crime. Internet crime is any illegal activity that utilizes the internet for its perpetration
(Techopedia, n.d.). There are five different types of internet crime we will explore in this lesson:

• phishing,
• hacking,
• virus dissemination,
• logic bombs, and
• denial-of-service attack.

Phishing

Phishing is a method used by offenders to extract confidential information (e.g., username-password
combinations and credit card numbers) of an internet user through masquerading as a legitimate enterprise.
In most cases, this internet crime is conducted using email spoofing. The user receives an email with links to
existing legitimate companies that appear on websites. Also, malware could install itself on a computer device
and confiscate personal information. In most cases, internet criminal offenders primarily utilize social
engineering to trick some internet users in downloading malware from the internet or in other ways, and users
fill in private information under false pretenses (Fruhlinger, 2019). Users should look for spelling mistakes
given that internet criminal offenders are not known for their spelling and grammar. Users should examine any
graphics, logos, and names differences from well-known, legitimate sites.

Hacking

Hacking is the result of someone attempting to gain unauthorized access to a network or a computer on the
network. One type of network evidence that signifies hacking and would be helpful in the digital forensic

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investigation is structured query language (SQL) injection. The digital forensic investigators assess the SQL
code entered into the site from the entry field (Digit, n.d.).

The theft of file transfer protocol (FTP) passwords, another common technique to tamper with a website, is
also investigated by forensic investigators. FTP password theft preys on passwords saved or stored on
systems that are not well-protected (Digit, n.d.). Forensic investigators’ skills are also applied to detect cross-
site scripting activities. Cross-site scripting is also known as XSS and is another way of circumventing a
secure system (Digit, n.d.).

Virus Dissemination

Internet criminal offenders also use viruses to attack their victims. A virus is a computer program designed to
have an adverse effect on a computer system or some internal aspect of that system. If an infected computer
is on a network, then the virus will use that network to spread to other computers (Maras, 2016). Viruses are
used in internet crimes to disrupt operations, alter data, or delete files, among other things (Maras, 2016).

Worms

Worms are different from viruses in that they do not require a host. Worms repeatedly replicate themselves
until they have used up all available memory (Fraud Fighting, n.d.). Viruses spread through a network,
including the internet, or using removable media devices.

Internet Logic Bomb Threats

Logic bombs, or slag codes, are malicious codes that are intentionally placed in a computer program or
software with the intention of executing malicious activity (Fisher, 2019). The trigger for a logic bomb is a
specific event or action and, in this way, it is like a virus (Fisher, 2019). Triggers can include specific times,
input thresholds, or a host of other routine actions.

Denial-of-Service Attacks (DoS)

A DoS is an attempt to deny the use of specific services to users. DoS attacks involve flooding the attacked
system with requests that exceed the system’s ability to cope (Digit, n.d.). In such attacks, servers can slow
down or crash, thus denying users access to the service. Another method of inflicting a DoS attack is by
directing more traffic to the site than it can cope with (Cloudflare, n.d.). In this case, a website will become
unresponsive and time out, again, denying users the service.

An adaptation of the DoS is the distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attack. Here, attacks are spread across
multiple geographical locations and have the same purpose as a DoS (Cloudflare, n.d.). DDoS attacks have
been targeted against multinational companies, such as banks, online payment gateways, news corporations,
and internet giants like Amazon and eBay.

Digital/Network Evidence for Digital Forensic Investigations

Digital forensics follows the same first principles as actual forensics: transfer of objects to surfaces through
contact. In digital crimes, evidence can be left behind just as in physical crimes. Digital evidence includes a
digital footprint, information of time, date, and duration of a user’s activity. This can lead to certain
assumptions being made as to the identity of a user (United Nations Office of Drugs and Crime [UNODC],
n.d.).

A digital footprint can be active or passive. An active footprint is information provided by a user that could
reveal personal details, online comments, or social media activity that was intentionally left by the user.
Passive footprints are made of information that was not intended to be left (UNODC, n.d.). Both active and
passive digital footprints can be submitted as evidence of a crime.

Digital evidence can be submitted as either direct evidence or circumstantial evidence. Before it is submitted
to the court, it must be authenticated by a forensic investigator who will prove the evidence to be what is
claimed of it or not (UNODC, n.d.). Digital evidence falls into three categories:

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• content generated by the user (e.g., emails, text messages, electronic documents);
• content generated by a device (e.g., data logs); or
• content generated by the user and device (e.g., a spreadsheet that contains a formula) (UNODC,

n.d.).

Data or information may be gathered and used by digital forensic investigators to obtain intelligence, which
can be introduced in a court of law as digital/network evidence (UNODC, n.d.).

Summary

In this lesson, you learned about internet crimes. Some of the well-known types of internet crimes include
hacking, phishing, logic bomb attacks, virus dissemination, denial-of-service (DoS) attacks, and spoofing,
among others. These are some types of crimes conducted on the internet that would require the skills of a
network forensic investigator. In this lesson, you also gathered details about types of network evidence that
may be helpful in a digital forensics investigation. Digital evidence, either direct or circumstantial, is
categorized into three groups: user-generated content, digital devices’ generated content, and content
created by both computer devices and users.

Computer and internet crimes are increasing all over the world. As the U.S. government works to fight and
combat these internet crimes, most nations are experiencing increased cybercriminal activity. It is crucial for
anyone working in the IT field to understand the concept of internet crime. Security professionals, such as
forensic investigators, work to combat these crimes using different preventative technologies that will be
covered in this course.

References

CloudFlare. (n.d.). What is a DDoS attack? https://www.cloudflare.com/learning/ddos/what-is-a-ddos-attack/

Digit. (n.d.). The 12 types of cyber crime. https://www.digit.in/technology-guides/fasttrack-to-cyber-crime/the-

12-types-of-cyber-crime.html

Fisher, T. (2020). What is a logic bomb? Lifewire. https://www.lifewire.com/what-is-a-logic-bomb-153072

Fraud Fighting. (n.d.). Virus dissemination. https://fraudfighting.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/Virus-

Dissemination.pdf

Fruhlinger, J. (2020). What is phishing? How this cyber attack works and how to prevent it. CSO.

https://www.csoonline.com/article/2117843/what-is-phishing-how-this-cyber-attack-works-and-how-to-
prevent-it.html

Maras, M. (2016). Cybercriminology. Oxford University Press.

Techopedia. (n.d.). Internet crime. https://www.techopedia.com/definition/26587/Internet-crime

United Nations Office of Drugs and Crime. (n.d.). Digital evidence.

https://www.unodc.org/e4j/en/cybercrime/module-4/key-issues/digital-evidence.html

– Course Learning Outcomes for Unit I
– Required Unit Resources
– Unit Lesson
– Types of Internet Crimes

– Phishing
– Hacking
– Virus Dissemination
– Worms
– Internet Logic Bomb Threats
– Denial-of-Service Attacks (DoS)

– Digital/Network Evidence for Digital Forensic Investigations
– Summary
– References