Political Science homework, Thesis
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Political Science Homework Help Thesis
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In this response assignment please explain how lobbying works as a profession and in turn, how it produces various political effects. In your explanation, please provide a real-world example of how some "big business" was used to influence a piece of legislation and/or public opinion about an issue….
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Order on TutorsGallery →In this response assignment please explain how lobbying works as a profession and in turn, how it produces various political effects. In your explanation, please provide a real-world example of how some "big business" was used to influence a piece of legislation and/or public opinion about an issue. If possible, note the amount of money spent for this lobbying activity (use sources like opensecrets.org).Please respond in a 600-900 word statement and please make sure that your response is organized with a clear introduction (with thesis statement), body, and conclusion.
Political Science Homework Thesis
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japan **files (1)** – ## WorkingPaper.docx **## WorkingPaper.docx** **POSC 107 Introduction to International Relations Working Paper Assignment** **Purpose** The assignment requires you to write a policy paper from a particular country’s perspective. You will then use this paper for a Global Climate…
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**## WorkingPaper.docx**
**POSC 107 Introduction to International Relations Working Paper Assignment**
**Purpose**
The assignment requires you to write a policy paper from a particular country’s perspective. You will then use this paper for a Global Climate Summit, a class simulation of international negotiations to address the problem of climate change. The paper is worth 15% of your course grade. Its purpose is to:
· facilitate your learning about an important global issue
· encourage you to view the world through a new perspective
· foster your research and writing skills
· enhance your information literacy
**Background**
Government leaders have developed several major treaties designed to address the issue of climate change, the latest of which is the Paris Agreement. Signatories to the agreement have pledged to lower their greenhouse gas emissions, to increase their ability to adapt to the adverse impacts of climate change, and to provide the funds necessary to achieve those aims. There are problems with the Paris Agreement, however. First, experts agree that the agreement does not go far enough to slow the rise in global temperatures. Second, countries pledge their emissions reductions targets voluntarily, and there are no consequences to breaking their pledges. Already, many countries are failing to meet their self-imposed targets. Third, industrialized states are not fulfilling their promised contributions to climate finance.
**Assignment**
You will represent a specific country in a Global Climate Summit on the Paris Agreement and climate governance where these issues will be addressed. To prepare to debate the topic, you must complete a
**working paper**. Working papers are summary documents that outline a country’s position on the problem and make proposals on what should be done to address that problem. In your paper, begin by informing the reader of important context on your country and climate change:
· How is the country experiencing the effects of climate change?
· How much has it contributed to the problem?
· How dependent is its economy on fossil fuels or greenhouse gas-generating industries?
Then, provide information on your country’s general position on the Paris Agreement and climate governance:
· Does your country prefer to take strong action to combat climate change?
· Does the country support or oppose the Paris Agreement?
· Does the country believe the agreement should be changed? Abandoned? Towards what ends?
Finally, conclude with specific policy proposals regarding global climate governance that your country wants to see implemented. Different countries want different changes, so consider the following questions but let your country’s priorities be your main guide:
· Is it necessary to for countries to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions? Which countries? How much?
· Should the Paris Agreement be modified to force state compliance? How should this be done?
· Is a greater level of funding necessary to achieve emissions reductions and climate adaptation goals? Where should this funding come from, and how should it be distributed?
To see what this looks like in its final form, you can find a sample working paper on page 3 of this document.
**Requirements and Grading**
Working papers must be
**500-700 words** in length. To enhance your skillset in identifying and knowing the difference between types of information, you must use at least use at least
**four specific sources**: one academic publication (book or peer-reviewed article), one news source, one international organization source, and one independent research organization source. You may also use additional credible sources (government websites; research papers; etc). The Cook Library Research Guide has helpful links for
[finding scholarly and news sources](https://towson.libguides.com/posc).
All sources must be
**cited** with a
**bibliography** included using APA style format. Citing a source means clearly indicating when ideas, data, or language come from another author and providing enough information for readers to locate the original work. Proper citation and a complete bibliography are important because they uphold academic integrity, give appropriate credit to original authors, and allow readers to evaluate and verify the evidence used in your work. The Cook Library Research Guide also has instructions and examples for
[APA citations](https://towson.libguides.com/apastyle7).
You will be
**graded** on:
· Finding and properly utilizing the 4 required sources
· Academic
· News
· International organization
· Independent research organization
· Presenting an appropriate, evidence-based country position with clear and specific policy proposals
· Including appropriate in-text citations
· Including complete bibliography
**Working Papers that do not include in-text citations OR whose in-text citations do not match the content of their sources OR that include sources in the bibliography that do not exist will receive a failing grade.**
**Sample Working Paper**
Topic: Stopping the Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons
Country: The Federal Republic of Germany
Name: Ulrich Metz
As Foreign Minister Frank-Walter Steinmeier stated in 2016, Germany’s non-nuclear vows are “unambiguous and forever” (Steinmeier, 2016). Our non-nuclear status has been a requirement since the Two-Plus-Four agreement that paved the way for reunification in 1990 (Hachoff, 2013). In 2017, Germany remains a fervent advocate of the non-nuclear regime and is completely convinced that there is a further need for more systematic and progressive efforts toward nuclear disarmament and nonproliferation. German citizens believe nuclear weapons are more of a liability than an asset and they affirm that promoting nonproliferation and disarmament means promoting German national interest (Hoffman & Longhurst, 2009). Our policies are determined by basic principles: we want to strengthen cooperative relationships with our economic partners in the world to promote democracy, free trade, and human rights. Germany is not a military power with global commitment. As a signatory of the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty (NPT) and adherents to the Chemical and Biological Weapons Bans, we expect the continued protection under the NATO and U.S. nuclear umbrella but recognize that the NPT does not preclude a European Union with nuclear capability (International Atomic Energy Agency, 2011). However, Germany will never co-possess nuclear weapons, and in this context, we propose global, multilateral approaches to the nonproliferation of weapons of mass destruction that will achieve nuclear disarmament and not merely conduct “good faith” negotiations:
1) Not only should existing treaties for the nonproliferation of weapons of mass destruction be modified to force compliance but new principles in the NPT should be implemented to promote
elimination of nuclear weapons.
2) Globally agreed upon sanctions should be brought against those who do not comply with the modifications. New principles should be implemented that further enhance nonproliferation:
a) Require all nuclear states to place all fissile materials under international safeguards, similar to the principle we unsuccessfully tried to implement in the 1995 NPT extension.
b) Establish a convention banning production of fissile materials for no-peaceful purposes and challenge the U.S.-Russian position that the cut off verification regime must not require IAEA full-scope safeguards. It is illogical that IAEA monitors all plutonium in non-weapon states under the NPT while the cut off allows declared and undeclared to get away with less (Jenkins, 2014).
3) A global, multilateral approach to structuring a convention for a Global Zero Treaty for Weapons of Mass Destruction should be founded, which would lead to an eventual ban on the productions, use, and threat of all nuclear biological and chemical weapons.
4) All new treaties and/or modifications to treaties should include a call for the building of institutions and structures that will promote economic and security cooperation in this increasingly interdependent world.
**Bibliography**
Fischer, J., & Schlender, Y. (2017, May 3).
_Merkel embraces liberal order_.
Die Welt.
https://diewelt.de/features/merkel-embraces/
Hachoff, R. (2013, September 23). Germany promotes nuclear non-proliferation.
_Foreign_
_Affairs, 105_(2), 27-42. https://www.foreignaffairs.com/issues/2026/105/2#
Hoffman, M., & Longhurst, N. (2009, December 15).
_Future of Nuclear Weapons Policy_.
Brookings. https://brookings.edu/articles/future-of-nuclear-weapons/policy/
International Atomic Energy Agency. (2011, May 11).
_Nations discuss nuclear taboo_.
https://iaea.org/about/governance/general-conference
Jenkins, P. (2014). Promoting better nuclear transparency.
_Journal of Denuclearization_,
_13_(4): 9-
31. https://10.1146/annurev-polisci-052209–131042
Steinmeier, F. (2016, January 6).
_Foreign Office Statement on Nuclear Power_. German Federal
Foreign Office. https://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/en
**## WorkingPaper.docx**
**POSC 107 Introduction to International Relations Working Paper Assignment**
**Purpose**
The assignment requires you to write a policy paper from a particular country’s perspective. You will then use this paper for a Global Climate Summit, a class simulation of international negotiations to address the problem of climate change. The paper is worth 15% of your course grade. Its purpose is to:
· facilitate your learning about an important global issue
· encourage you to view the world through a new perspective
· foster your research and writing skills
· enhance your information literacy
**Background**
Government leaders have developed several major treaties designed to address the issue of climate change, the latest of which is the Paris Agreement. Signatories to the agreement have pledged to lower their greenhouse gas emissions, to increase their ability to adapt to the adverse impacts of climate change, and to provide the funds necessary to achieve those aims. There are problems with the Paris Agreement, however. First, experts agree that the agreement does not go far enough to slow the rise in global temperatures. Second, countries pledge their emissions reductions targets voluntarily, and there are no consequences to breaking their pledges. Already, many countries are failing to meet their self-imposed targets. Third, industrialized states are not fulfilling their promised contributions to climate finance.
**Assignment**
You will represent a specific country in a Global Climate Summit on the Paris Agreement and climate governance where these issues will be addressed. To prepare to debate the topic, you must complete a
**working paper**. Working papers are summary documents that outline a country’s position on the problem and make proposals on what should be done to address that problem. In your paper, begin by informing the reader of important context on your country and climate change:
· How is the country experiencing the effects of climate change?
· How much has it contributed to the problem?
· How dependent is its economy on fossil fuels or greenhouse gas-generating industries?
Then, provide information on your country’s general position on the Paris Agreement and climate governance:
· Does your country prefer to take strong action to combat climate change?
· Does the country support or oppose the Paris Agreement?
· Does the country believe the agreement should be changed? Abandoned? Towards what ends?
Finally, conclude with specific policy proposals regarding global climate governance that your country wants to see implemented. Different countries want different changes, so consider the following questions but let your country’s priorities be your main guide:
· Is it necessary to for countries to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions? Which countries? How much?
· Should the Paris Agreement be modified to force state compliance? How should this be done?
· Is a greater level of funding necessary to achieve emissions reductions and climate adaptation goals? Where should this funding come from, and how should it be distributed?
To see what this looks like in its final form, you can find a sample working paper on page 3 of this document.
**Requirements and Grading**
Working papers must be
**500-700 words** in length. To enhance your skillset in identifying and knowing the difference between types of information, you must use at least use at least
**four specific sources**: one academic publication (book or peer-reviewed article), one news source, one international organization source, and one independent research organization source. You may also use additional credible sources (government websites; research papers; etc). The Cook Library Research Guide has helpful links for
[finding scholarly and news sources](https://towson.libguides.com/posc).
All sources must be
**cited** with a
**bibliography** included using APA style format. Citing a source means clearly indicating when ideas, data, or language come from another author and providing enough information for readers to locate the original work. Proper citation and a complete bibliography are important because they uphold academic integrity, give appropriate credit to original authors, and allow readers to evaluate and verify the evidence used in your work. The Cook Library Research Guide also has instructions and examples for
[APA citations](https://towson.libguides.com/apastyle7).
You will be
**graded** on:
· Finding and properly utilizing the 4 required sources
· Academic
· News
· International organization
· Independent research organization
· Presenting an appropriate, evidence-based country position with clear and specific policy proposals
· Including appropriate in-text citations
· Including complete bibliography
**Working Papers that do not include in-text citations OR whose in-text citations do not match the content of their sources OR that include sources in the bibliography that do not exist will receive a failing grade.**
**Sample Working Paper**
Topic: Stopping the Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons
Country: The Federal Republic of Germany
Name: Ulrich Metz
As Foreign Minister Frank-Walter Steinmeier stated in 2016, Germany’s non-nuclear vows are “unambiguous and forever” (Steinmeier, 2016). Our non-nuclear status has been a requirement since the Two-Plus-Four agreement that paved the way for reunification in 1990 (Hachoff, 2013). In 2017, Germany remains a fervent advocate of the non-nuclear regime and is completely convinced that there is a further need for more systematic and progressive efforts toward nuclear disarmament and nonproliferation. German citizens believe nuclear weapons are more of a liability than an asset and they affirm that promoting nonproliferation and disarmament means promoting German national interest (Hoffman & Longhurst, 2009). Our policies are determined by basic principles: we want to strengthen cooperative relationships with our economic partners in the world to promote democracy, free trade, and human rights. Germany is not a military power with global commitment. As a signatory of the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty (NPT) and adherents to the Chemical and Biological Weapons Bans, we expect the continued protection under the NATO and U.S. nuclear umbrella but recognize that the NPT does not preclude a European Union with nuclear capability (International Atomic Energy Agency, 2011). However, Germany will never co-possess nuclear weapons, and in this context, we propose global, multilateral approaches to the nonproliferation of weapons of mass destruction that will achieve nuclear disarmament and not merely conduct “good faith” negotiations:
1) Not only should existing treaties for the nonproliferation of weapons of mass destruction be modified to force compliance but new principles in the NPT should be implemented to promote
elimination of nuclear weapons.
2) Globally agreed upon sanctions should be brought against those who do not comply with the modifications. New principles should be implemented that further enhance nonproliferation:
a) Require all nuclear states to place all fissile materials under international safeguards, similar to the principle we unsuccessfully tried to implement in the 1995 NPT extension.
b) Establish a convention banning production of fissile materials for no-peaceful purposes and challenge the U.S.-Russian position that the cut off verification regime must not require IAEA full-scope safeguards. It is illogical that IAEA monitors all plutonium in non-weapon states under the NPT while the cut off allows declared and undeclared to get away with less (Jenkins, 2014).
3) A global, multilateral approach to structuring a convention for a Global Zero Treaty for Weapons of Mass Destruction should be founded, which would lead to an eventual ban on the productions, use, and threat of all nuclear biological and chemical weapons.
4) All new treaties and/or modifications to treaties should include a call for the building of institutions and structures that will promote economic and security cooperation in this increasingly interdependent world.
**Bibliography**
Fischer, J., & Schlender, Y. (2017, May 3).
_Merkel embraces liberal order_.
Die Welt.
https://diewelt.de/features/merkel-embraces/
Hachoff, R. (2013, September 23). Germany promotes nuclear non-proliferation.
_Foreign_
_Affairs, 105_(2), 27-42. https://www.foreignaffairs.com/issues/2026/105/2#
Hoffman, M., & Longhurst, N. (2009, December 15).
_Future of Nuclear Weapons Policy_.
Brookings. https://brookings.edu/articles/future-of-nuclear-weapons/policy/
International Atomic Energy Agency. (2011, May 11).
_Nations discuss nuclear taboo_.
https://iaea.org/about/governance/general-conference
Jenkins, P. (2014). Promoting better nuclear transparency.
_Journal of Denuclearization_,
_13_(4): 9-
31. https://10.1146/annurev-polisci-052209–131042
Steinmeier, F. (2016, January 6).
_Foreign Office Statement on Nuclear Power_. German Federal
Foreign Office. https://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/en
Political research and data **files (2)** – ## DataandMethodsSection.docx – OUTPUT.docx **## DataandMethodsSection.docx** ## Data and Methods Section **Audience:** People who are interested in the details of the variables you use to test your hypotheses. Assume the audience has read your literature …
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**files (2)**
– ## DataandMethodsSection.docx
– OUTPUT.docx
**## DataandMethodsSection.docx**
## Data and Methods Section
**Audience:** People who are interested in the details of the variables you use to test your hypotheses. Assume the audience has read your literature review and understands the basics of research design and measurement (e.g. they know what a sample size is and the definition of a median). Assume they are not familiar with your specific variables or research design and want to understand those details.
**Purpose:** The goal of this section is to provide sufficient detail for the reader to be able to critically analyze the quality of your data. You must give details on the research design and the measurement of each variable to be transparent about your data. If you wrote specific concept definitions or details about measurement in your literature review, you should move that material to this section instead.
**Style:** The writing should be formal, focused on explaining the sources of data, defining your variables, and explaining how they are measured. This section should be specific and have some technical language. Write to help your reader understand what each variable is and the distribution of the variable in your dataset. You may write in first person or third person based on your preference. Provide proper citations for the sources used, including for the variable definitions and sources of information on the research design and how variables are measured. Citations should be given in parenthetical form in your text and in full-length in a references page at the end of the document. I recommend using APA style citations, though any consistently used style is acceptable. You may use quotes from sources of the data to fill in parts of this but should explain as much as you can in your own words.
**Any use of others’ language without quotes will result in grade deductions, up to a 0 on the assignment for egregious copying of text.** You may also NOT use AI to help you reword the text. Make sure you leave time to proofread and edit before submitting.
The section should include 4 different components. First, describe the overall research design. Then, describe three components of each variable. Describe the measurement details of the variable, descriptive statistics, and validity and/or reliability for each variable. Put all the information for each variable together. Use the attached worksheets to see what information you need to include, as different content is needed for survey data vs. aggregate data.
## Research Design
Describe the research design of the data you are using. This section will include more information for those using survey data than those using aggregate data. See worksheet for details.
## Variable Descriptions:
You should include all variables included in your hypotheses, at least 4 variables total (3 IVs and 1 DV). For each variable, include the following details:
## A. Discuss your measurement plan
For each variable, define the concept the variable is trying to measure, then describe the variable you are using to measure this concept, giving a detailed operational definition of the variable. This definition should be detailed enough so that if someone wanted to gather data for this variable themselves, they would have a decent idea of how to do so. The type of details needed varies between survey and aggregate data. Refer to the appropriate worksheet for what information is required for your project.
## B. Descriptive Statistics
Provide descriptive statistics for each of your variables. Include a table (frequency distribution) or chart (histogram) for each variable and a table with the relevant statistics for central tendency (mean, median) and dispersion (standard deviation, range, shape of distribution). Describe the distribution of each variable, referring to the tables as needed. You can include the tables in the text or include them all at the end. Number each table or chart and refer to it in the text where you discuss each. Number each table (i.e. “Table 2”) and refer to it in the text where you discuss it (i.e. “According to table 2, the mean is 5.7).
## C. Reliability and Validity
Evaluate each of your variables in terms of the major types of validity and reliability. Each variable should include analysis of validity or reliability in some way, referring specifically to face validity, content validity, criterion-based validity, and reliability as it is appropriate. You must analyze the content validity for at least one variable. You should also discuss reliability of at least one variable. Be honest and self-critical. It is okay and expected to have imperfect variables and include some criticism of the measurements.
**OUTPUT.docx**
This file is too large to display. [View in new window](https://www.sweetstudy.com/files/output-docx-10524621)
**OUTPUT.docx**
This file is too large to display. [View in new window](https://www.sweetstudy.com/files/output-docx-10524621)
**## DataandMethodsSection.docx**
## Data and Methods Section
**Audience:** People who are interested in the details of the variables you use to test your hypotheses. Assume the audience has read your literature review and understands the basics of research design and measurement (e.g. they know what a sample size is and the definition of a median). Assume they are not familiar with your specific variables or research design and want to understand those details.
**Purpose:** The goal of this section is to provide sufficient detail for the reader to be able to critically analyze the quality of your data. You must give details on the research design and the measurement of each variable to be transparent about your data. If you wrote specific concept definitions or details about measurement in your literature review, you should move that material to this section instead.
**Style:** The writing should be formal, focused on explaining the sources of data, defining your variables, and explaining how they are measured. This section should be specific and have some technical language. Write to help your reader understand what each variable is and the distribution of the variable in your dataset. You may write in first person or third person based on your preference. Provide proper citations for the sources used, including for the variable definitions and sources of information on the research design and how variables are measured. Citations should be given in parenthetical form in your text and in full-length in a references page at the end of the document. I recommend using APA style citations, though any consistently used style is acceptable. You may use quotes from sources of the data to fill in parts of this but should explain as much as you can in your own words.
**Any use of others’ language without quotes will result in grade deductions, up to a 0 on the assignment for egregious copying of text.** You may also NOT use AI to help you reword the text. Make sure you leave time to proofread and edit before submitting.
The section should include 4 different components. First, describe the overall research design. Then, describe three components of each variable. Describe the measurement details of the variable, descriptive statistics, and validity and/or reliability for each variable. Put all the information for each variable together. Use the attached worksheets to see what information you need to include, as different content is needed for survey data vs. aggregate data.
## Research Design
Describe the research design of the data you are using. This section will include more information for those using survey data than those using aggregate data. See worksheet for details.
## Variable Descriptions:
You should include all variables included in your hypotheses, at least 4 variables total (3 IVs and 1 DV). For each variable, include the following details:
## A. Discuss your measurement plan
For each variable, define the concept the variable is trying to measure, then describe the variable you are using to measure this concept, giving a detailed operational definition of the variable. This definition should be detailed enough so that if someone wanted to gather data for this variable themselves, they would have a decent idea of how to do so. The type of details needed varies between survey and aggregate data. Refer to the appropriate worksheet for what information is required for your project.
## B. Descriptive Statistics
Provide descriptive statistics for each of your variables. Include a table (frequency distribution) or chart (histogram) for each variable and a table with the relevant statistics for central tendency (mean, median) and dispersion (standard deviation, range, shape of distribution). Describe the distribution of each variable, referring to the tables as needed. You can include the tables in the text or include them all at the end. Number each table or chart and refer to it in the text where you discuss each. Number each table (i.e. “Table 2”) and refer to it in the text where you discuss it (i.e. “According to table 2, the mean is 5.7).
## C. Reliability and Validity
Evaluate each of your variables in terms of the major types of validity and reliability. Each variable should include analysis of validity or reliability in some way, referring specifically to face validity, content validity, criterion-based validity, and reliability as it is appropriate. You must analyze the content validity for at least one variable. You should also discuss reliability of at least one variable. Be honest and self-critical. It is okay and expected to have imperfect variables and include some criticism of the measurements.
**OUTPUT.docx**
This file is too large to display. [View in new window](https://www.sweetstudy.com/files/output-docx-10524621)
**## DataandMethodsSection.docx**
## Data and Methods Section
**Audience:** People who are interested in the details of the variables you use to test your hypotheses. Assume the audience has read your literature review and understands the basics of research design and measurement (e.g. they know what a sample size is and the definition of a median). Assume they are not familiar with your specific variables or research design and want to understand those details.
**Purpose:** The goal of this section is to provide sufficient detail for the reader to be able to critically analyze the quality of your data. You must give details on the research design and the measurement of each variable to be transparent about your data. If you wrote specific concept definitions or details about measurement in your literature review, you should move that material to this section instead.
**Style:** The writing should be formal, focused on explaining the sources of data, defining your variables, and explaining how they are measured. This section should be specific and have some technical language. Write to help your reader understand what each variable is and the distribution of the variable in your dataset. You may write in first person or third person based on your preference. Provide proper citations for the sources used, including for the variable definitions and sources of information on the research design and how variables are measured. Citations should be given in parenthetical form in your text and in full-length in a references page at the end of the document. I recommend using APA style citations, though any consistently used style is acceptable. You may use quotes from sources of the data to fill in parts of this but should explain as much as you can in your own words.
**Any use of others’ language without quotes will result in grade deductions, up to a 0 on the assignment for egregious copying of text.** You may also NOT use AI to help you reword the text. Make sure you leave time to proofread and edit before submitting.
The section should include 4 different components. First, describe the overall research design. Then, describe three components of each variable. Describe the measurement details of the variable, descriptive statistics, and validity and/or reliability for each variable. Put all the information for each variable together. Use the attached worksheets to see what information you need to include, as different content is needed for survey data vs. aggregate data.
## Research Design
Describe the research design of the data you are using. This section will include more information for those using survey data than those using aggregate data. See worksheet for details.
## Variable Descriptions:
You should include all variables included in your hypotheses, at least 4 variables total (3 IVs and 1 DV). For each variable, include the following details:
## A. Discuss your measurement plan
For each variable, define the concept the variable is trying to measure, then describe the variable you are using to measure this concept, giving a detailed operational definition of the variable. This definition should be detailed enough so that if someone wanted to gather data for this variable themselves, they would have a decent idea of how to do so. The type of details needed varies between survey and aggregate data. Refer to the appropriate worksheet for what information is required for your project.
## B. Descriptive Statistics
Provide descriptive statistics for each of your variables. Include a table (frequency distribution) or chart (histogram) for each variable and a table with the relevant statistics for central tendency (mean, median) and dispersion (standard deviation, range, shape of distribution). Describe the distribution of each variable, referring to the tables as needed. You can include the tables in the text or include them all at the end. Number each table or chart and refer to it in the text where you discuss each. Number each table (i.e. “Table 2”) and refer to it in the text where you discuss it (i.e. “According to table 2, the mean is 5.7).
## C. Reliability and Validity
Evaluate each of your variables in terms of the major types of validity and reliability. Each variable should include analysis of validity or reliability in some way, referring specifically to face validity, content validity, criterion-based validity, and reliability as it is appropriate. You must analyze the content validity for at least one variable. You should also discuss reliability of at least one variable. Be honest and self-critical. It is okay and expected to have imperfect variables and include some criticism of the measurements.
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