ASSIGNMENT JANUARY 2025
QUESTION ONE [25]
Read the following excerpts and answer the questions that follow:
EXCERPT ONE
The high ranking of corporate social responsibility appears to be reflected in theoretical and managerial decisions that argue ‘not only is doing good the right thing to do, but it also leads to doing better’. As a result, CSR has moved from ideology to reality, and many consider it necessary for organisations to define their roles in society and apply social and ethical standards to their businesses.
Although organisations increasingly adhere and demonstrate their commitment to CSR, many struggle with this effort. This state of affairs may be the result of how CSR has developed; this development reflects the influence of various theories, including agency theory, institutional theory, stewardship theory and the theory of the firm which results in various conceptualisations of CSR. The best conceptualisations remain in their embryonic stages and prescribed approaches to CSR seem perplexing to theorists and completely elude practitioners. This probably impedes a full understanding among managers of what CSR should comprise and hinders further theoretical development of CSR.
Conceptualisations of and research on CSR have evolved along two avenues. In terms of the level of analysis, research has moved from a discussion of the macro social effects to an organisational level analysis of CSR and its impact on organisational processes and performance. The research has therefore shifted from explicitly normative and ethics-oriented arguments to implicitly normative and performance-oriented managerial studies.
Adapted from Lindgreen A and Swaen V (2010) Corporate Social Responsibility International Journal of Management Reviews
EXCERPT TWO
Since the time of the barter system to present era of plastic money, mankind has stridden out on a long path. There is no doubt in this that
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